Table 5.
Summary of retrospective cohort studies and case series of patients with post-infectious encephalitis and tics
| Study | Country | Number | Mean age (range) | Male (%) | Aetiology of encephalitis | Tics | Other neuropsychiatric symptoms | Additional findings | Main limitations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Richter and Shimojyo [24] | USA | 68 | N/A | N/A | Japanese encephalitis | 7 patients developed tics | Choreoathetosis associated with tics | Late sequelae of Japanese encephalitis (5 years after initial infection) | Description of tics lacking detail |
| Berthier et al. [25] | Spain | 13 | 36 | 63 | Post-encephalitis hydrocephalus | 5 patients developed motor and phonic tics | Obsessive-compulsive disorder | Differences between acquired obsessive-compulsive disorder (13 patients), idiopathic obsessive-compulsive disorder (25 patients), and controls (13 healthy participants) | Focus on obsessive-compulsive disorder rather than tics; link between tics and post-encephalitis hydrocephalus lacking detail |
| Mirsattari et al. [26] | Canada | 6 | 32–38 | N/A | Human immunodeficiency virus encephalitis | 1 patient developed motor/facial tics | Choreoathetosis, dystonic limb posturing, spasmodic torticollis | First presentation of human immunodeficiency virus | Diagnosis of encephalitis lacking detail |
| Francisco et al. [27] | USA | 33 | 12 | 81 | West Nile virus encephalitis | 1 patient (5-year-old boy) developed facial tics 3 weeks after recovery from acute viral illness | Athetosis at the same time as tic onset; decreased movements of the limbs, cognitive decline, bladder and bowel incontinence, speech and swallowing problems | Immunosuppressed patients | Focus on West Nile virus rather than tics or encephalitis |
| Mejia and Jankovic [28] | USA | 155 | 41 | 65 | Rubella encephalitis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae encephalitis | 1 patient (8-year-old girl with rubella encephalitis) + 1 patient (18-year-old man with Mycoplasma pneumoniae encephalitis) developed motor and phonic tics | Gait problems, ataxia | Neuroimaging abnormalities (basal ganglia) | Link between neuroimaging abnormalities and tics lacking detail; diagnosis of encephalitis lacking detail |
| Teke et al. [29] | Turkey | 7 | 12 (5–15) | 71 | Neurobrucellosis | 1 patient (11-year-old boy) developed phonic tics (coughing) | N/A | Initially diagnosed as a pulmonary manifestation of brucellosis | Description of tics lacking detail |