Table 2. Univariate linear regression for the relationships between prior physical fitness and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic.
| Men (N = 2,549) | Women (N = 10,340) | Total (N = 12,889) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coefficients (95% CI) |
P Value | Coefficients (95% CI) |
P Value | Coefficients (95% CI) |
P Value | |
| Age, yr | −0.100 [−0.352 to 0.151] | 0.432 | −0.038 [−0.172 to 0.095] | 0.574 | −0.064 [−0.182 to 0.054] | 0.287 |
| Change in weight, kg | 0.147 [0.066–0.228] | <0.001 | 0.127 [0.082–0.171] | <0.001 | 0.128 [0.089–0.167] | <0.001 |
| Change in exercise volume, MET-hr/wk | −0.010 [−0.035 to 0.014] | 0.411 | −0.021 [−0.037 to −0.005] | 0.010 | −0.015 [−0.029 to −0.002] | 0.025 |
| Baseline stress, yes | ||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Yes | 0.467 [0.144–0.789] | 0.005 | 0.283 [0.120–0.446] | <0.001 | 0.324 [0.179–0.470] | <0.001 |
| Prior physical fitness | ||||||
| Anaerobic fitness | ||||||
| Low | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Moderate | −3.471 [−7.368 to 0.426] | 0.084 | −1.504 [−2.502 to −0.505] | 0.001 | −1.635 [−2.580 to −0.690] | <0.001 |
| High | −3.929 [−7.919 to 0.060] | 0.054 | −1.504 [−0.706 to −0.302] | 0.010 | −1.816 [−2.906 to −0.727] | <0.001 |
| Excellent | −4.547 [−8.504 to −0.590] | 0.023 | −2.680 [−4.716 to −0.443] | 0.014 | −2.964 [−4.197 to −1.732] | <0.001 |
| Aerobic fitness | ||||||
| Low | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Moderate | −1.123 [−2.176 to −0.070] | 0.033 | −1.497 [−2.322 to −0.673] | <0.001 | −1.120 [−1.841 to −0.558] | <0.001 |
| High | −0.978 [−2.550 to 0.594] | 0.340 | −1.548 [−2.460 to −0.637] | <0.001 | −1.176 [−1.919 to −0.434] | <0.001 |
| Excellent | −2.648 [−4.887 to −0.408] | 0.015 | −2.017 [−3.103 to −0.931] | <0.001 | −1.794 [−2.723 to −0.865] | <0.001 |
| Explosive fitness | ||||||
| Low | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Moderate | −1.236 [−2.452 to −0.019] | 0.046 | −0.652 [−1.399 to 0.100] | 0.100 | −0.745 [−1.383 to −0.108] | 0.017 |
| 0.276 | −0.720 [−1.602 to 0.162] | 0.132 | −0.759 [−1.523 to 0.005] | 0.052 | ||
| Excellent | −2.486 [−4.765 to −0.208] | 0.028 | −1.531 [−2.545 to −0.517] | 0.001 | −1.605 [−2.513 to −0.697] | <0.001 |
| Muscular fitness | ||||||
| Low | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Moderate | 0.434 [−0.316 to 1.184] | 0.263 | −1.410 [−2.100 to −0.721) | <0.001 | -0.139 [-0.586 to 0.307] | 0.824 |
| High | 0.152 [−1.265 to 1.569] | 0.860 | −2.438 [−3.476 to −1.400) | <0.001 | −1.044 [−1.871 to −0.218] | 0.008 |
| Excellent | −1.610 [−2.952 to −0.268] | 0.018 | −2.152 [−3.618 to −0.687) | 0.016 | −1.482 [−2.562 to −0.402] | 0.003 |
| Flexibility fitness | ||||||
| Low | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Moderate | 0.253 [−1.350 to 1.856] | 0.946 | −0.479 [−2.009 to 1.051) | 0.627 | 0.061 [−1.031 to 1.154] | 0.994 |
| High | −0.759 [−2.593 to 1.074] | 0.572 | −0.804 [−2.364 to 0.756] | 0.358 | −0.304 [−1.436 to 0.827] | 0.726 |
| Excellent | 0.549 [−1.336 to 2.433] | 0.772 | −0.763 [−2.324 to 0.799] | 0.389 | −0.088 [−1.223 to 1.047] | 0.984 |
| Pulmonary fitness | ||||||
| Low | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Moderate | −0.769 [−2.562 to 1.024] | 0.520 | 0.783 [−0.439 to 2.001] | 0.248 | 0.380 [−0.629 to 1.391] | 0.580 |
| High | −1.196 [−3.107 to 0.716] | 0.272 | 0.599 [−0.691 to 1.890] | 0.448 | 0.089 [−0.981 to 1.160] | 0.985 |
| Excellent | −0.749 [−2.725 to 1.227] | 0.596 | 0.177 [−1.136 to 1.490] | 0.942 | −0.118 [−1.211 to 0.975] | 0.970 |
| Geographic attribute | ||||||
| Rural area | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Urban-rural junction area | −0.941 [−2.149 to 0.268] | 0.147 | 0.063 [0.484 to 0.609] | 0.948 | −0.115 [−0.612 to 0.383] | 0.813 |
| Urban area | −1.232 [−2.491 to 0.027] | 0.056 | −0.202 [−0.751 to 0.348] | 0.605 | −0.378 [−0.881 to 0.125] | 0.164 |
| Socio-economic status | ||||||
| Lower-income | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Middle-income | −0.488 [−1.934 to 0.957] | 0.631 | −0.279 [−0.917 to 0.358] | 0.482 | −0.310 [−0.893 to 0.273] | 0.362 |
| Upper-income | −0.261 [−1.843 to 1.320] | 0.886 | −1.163 [−1.870 to −0.455] | <0.001 | −1.001 [−1.652 to −0.361] | 0.001 |
| Alcohol, drinks/wk | 0.422 [0.312–0.532] | <0.001 | 0.766 [0.666–0.866] | <0.001 | 0.554 [0.481–0.626] | <0.001 |
| Living status | ||||||
| Living alone | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Living with family/friends | 0.222 [−0.539 to 0.096] | 0.171 | 0.068 [−0.233 to 0.097] | 0.419 | 0.114 [−0.261 to 0.032] | 0.126 |
| Smoking | ||||||
| Never smoke | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Former smoker | 2.270 [1.017–3.523] | <0.001 | 6.787 [5.402–8.173] | <0.001 | 3.610 [2.736–4.483] | <0.001 |
| Currently smoking | ||||||
| <10 cigarets/day | 1.238 [0.124–2.353] | 0.027 | 9.185 [7.232–11.137] | <0.001 | 2.196 [1.318–3.074] | <0.001 |
| 10-15 cigarets/day | 5.327 [2.927–7.727] | <0.001 | 9.669 [4.126–15.212] | <0.001 | 5.246 [3.195–7.298] | <0.001 |
| >15 cigarets/day | 5.989 [2.854–9.124] | <0.001 | 12.835 [4.523–21.148] | 0.002 | 6.029 [3.293–8.766] | <0.001 |
Note:
CI, confidence interval; COVID-19, coronavirus disease-19; BDI-II, Becks’ Depression Inventory-II. The first level of the ordered categorical variables were used as reference. Data are expressed as BDI-II score change related to each variable.