Table 1. Summary of patient cohorts and clinical findings.

Control: healthy control patients; Benign: age-matched control patients undergoing abdominal surgery but without evidence for any pancreatic lesions; LG: low grade IPMN; HG-IPMN: high grade IPMN. The HG-IPMN are divided into invasive and non-invasive forms. IQR: Interquartile range.

	Patients	Discovery cohort							Validation cohort
						HG-IPMN					HG-IPMN
Characteristic	All	All	Control	Benign	LG	Inv	Noninv	Comb	All	LG	Inv	Noninv
Total cases	133	86	10	14	40	11	11	22	47	35	3	9
Age
Median (yrs)	71	70	33	54	72	79	71	73	74	71	76	76
IQR	63–77	59–76	27–47	40–62	68–78	67–84	68–74	68–80	67–77	65–76	73–83	75–78
Sex
Male	55	38	6	7	15	5	5	10	17	16	0	1
Female	78	48	4	7	25	6	6	12	30	19	3	8
Clinical
Symptoms	43	38	NA	12	15	6	5	11	5	1	1	3
Weight loss	23	17	NA	2	9	3	3	6	6	1	3	2
Pain	31	28	NA	11	12	2	3	5	3	1	0	2
Jaundice	2	2	NA	0	0	2	0	2	0	0	0	0
Lab values
CA19-9 >37U/mL	13	11	NA	3	4	3	1	4	2	0	2	0
Imaging
Duct > 10mm	12	9	NA	0	2	3	4	7	3	0	2	1
Duct 5–9 mm	26	17	NA	1	7	3	6	9	9	2	1	6
Cyst > 3cm	43	32	NA	6	18	2	6	8	11	6	2	3
Thickened wall	7	4	NA	1	1	0	2	2	3	1	1	1
Enhancing nodule	13	8	NA	2	1	3	2	5	5	0	2	3
Pancreatitis	21	20	NA	9	7	1	3	4	1	0	0	1
Adenopathy	0	0	NA	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Surgery
None	44	16	10	0	15	1	0	1	28	28	0	0
Whipple	32	22	NA	4	12	6	10	16	10	2	2	6
Distal pancreatectomy	22	13	NA	4	8	1	1	2	9	5	1	3
Middle pancreatectomy	6	6	NA	2	4	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Total pancreatectomy	2	2	NA	0	0	2	0	2	0	0	0	0
Puestow	2	2	NA	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other	4	4	NA	2	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0