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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Gastroenterology. 2020 Sep 24;160(4):1208–1223.e4. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.09.030

Figure 2. Electrical and optogenetic stimulation of SPNs produce local and pan-colonic motility changes.

Figure 2.

(A) Maximum intensity projection of GCaMP fluorescence of SPNs. (B) Example traces of spontaneous activity in SPNs. (C) Electrical stimulation (20Hz) of LCN, MN, and HGN differentially activated neurons in sympathetic prevertebral ganglia; note that only MN stimulation was effective at producing responses (ΔF) in all three ganglia. (D) Amplitude of SPN responses increased as stimulation frequency increased. Inset, example GCaMP traces from an individual SPN to electrical stimulation of the MN at 1–20 Hz for 5 s (black bar); (E) Average tissue movement before, during, and after nerve stimulation at 1–20 Hz. Movement was significantly decreased during electrical stimulation (ES). (F) Experimental design to measure motility changes produced by optogenetic (blue laser) stimulation of SPNs using NPY-ChR2 mice. (G) Laser also significantly decreased local motility during stimulation. (H-J) Effects of ES on pan-colonic motility patterns. (K-M) Effects of laser on pan-colonic motility patterns. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, repeated measures (rm) two-way ANOVA, Tukey’s post-hoc correction for multiple comparisons (D,E,G); paired Student’s t-test (H-M). Scale bars, 20ΔF, 1s (B,D).