Table 2.
Changes in biochemical profiles and the number of metabolic syndrome components from baseline to 12 weeks in control and exercise groups.
| Variables | Control Group (n = 14) | Exercise Group (n = 15) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | After 12 Weeks | Baseline | After 12 Weeks | |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 116.0 (71.0–165.0) | 119.0 (87.0–155.0) | 139.5 (93.3–188.3) | 122.0 (82.8–174.0) |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 200.6 ± 29.4 | 195.2 ± 28.3 | 190.3 ± 26.8 | 176.5 ± 23.5 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 45.0 (37.0–56.0) | 48.5(41.0–53.5) | 42.5 (40.0–45.5) | 51.0 (40.0–60.0) |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 141.8 ± 22.7 | 131.3 ± 24.8 | 130.6 ± 38.7 | 116.0 ± 39.0 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 90.5 (85.0–104.8) | 95.5 (90.5–105.5) | 96.0 (88.0–109.0) | 94.0 (89.0–103.0) |
| Fasting insulin(µIU) | 5.80 (3.75–7.53) | 6.35 (4.9–11.3) | 5.30 (4.50–8.20) | 5.20 (4.00–7.50) |
| HOMA-IR | 1.21 (0.86–1.74) | 1.62 (1.09–2.83) | 1.22 (1.06–1.96) | 1.14 (0.92–1.74) |
| HOMA-β (%) | 69.4 (35.1–96.8) | 69.2 (45.6–144.9) | 56.3 (46.4–79.5) | 59.6 (52.4–78.3) |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.55 (5.38–5.73) | 5.65 (5.48–5.93) | 5.60 (5.40–6.00) | 5.50 (5.10–5.90) * |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 37.4 ± 3.6 | 38.8 ± 3.5 | 39.3 ± 5.1 | 37.4 ± 4.9 * |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (IU/L) | 21.5 (16.8–25.3) | 24.0 (19.5–26.3) | 22.0 (20.0–26.0) | 22.0 (18.0–23.0) |
| Alanine aminotransferase (IU/L) | 20.0 (14.5–24.0) | 21.0 (18.3–25.8) | 18.0 (14.0–22.0) | 15.0 (14.0–17.0) |
| γ-glutamyltransferase (IU/L) | 21.0 (15.3–27.3) | 27 (16.5–34.5) * | 20.0 (11.0–25.0) | 16.0 (10.0–23.0) |
| Highly sensitive C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 0.86 ± 0.45 | 1.49 ± 1.06 * | 1.23 ± 2.35 | 1.02 ± 0.81 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.10 ± 1.26 | 4.88 ± 1.32 | 4.74 ± 1.39 | 4.45 ± 1.06 |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 10.09 (5.89–17.19) | 9.86 (6.89–20.37) | 7.83 (4.77–11.92) | 7.60 (3.57–9.03) * |
| Number of components of MetS | 4.2 (3.8–4.6) | 3.9 (3.3–4.4) | 4.1 (3.6–4.6) | 3.1 (2.4–3.7) * |
| 0 | – | – | – | – |
| 1 | – | – | – | 1 (6.7) |
| 2 | – | 1 (7.1) | – | 4 (26.7) |
| 3 | 2 (14.3) | 4 (28.6) | 5 (33.3) | 5 (33.3) |
| 4 | 7 (50.0) | 5 (35.7) | 4 (26.7) | 3 (20.0) |
| 5 | 5 (35.7) | 4 (28.6) | 6 (40.0) | 2 (13.3) |
| †P value | 0.306 | 0.025 | ||
HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR and HOMA-β, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance and beta cell function. Continuous variables are presented as mean ± SD or median (interquartile range) and compared using paired t-test or Wilcoxon signed-ranks test (* p < 0.05 vs. baseline). Nominal variables (number of components) are expressed as sample size (proportion) and analyzed by † Fisher’s exact test.