Table A1.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of the study participants.
| Variables | Age-Matched Healthy Control | Metabolic Syndrome Patients | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 12 | 30 | |
| Age (year) | 58.3 ± 6.0 | 59.4 ± 10.3 | 0.541 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.7 ± 2.6 | 29.2 ± 3.8 | 0.004 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 78.1 ± 6.0 | 90.7 ± 9.4 | <0.001 |
| Body fat (%) | 30.3 ± 7.2 | 37.4 ± 5.9 | 0.009 |
| ALM (kg) | 16.6 ± 1.8 | 16.0 ± 2.6 | 0.442 |
| ALM/ht2 | 6.56 ± 0.36 | 6.59 ± 0.79 | 0.876 |
| Handgrip strength (kg) | 28.2 ± 4.1 | 27.3 ± 4.2 | 0.514 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 118.3 ± 10.6 | 132.4 ± 11.5 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 83.4 ± 9.3 | 84.8 ± 10.5 | 0.729 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 111.0 (81.5–171.5) | 126.0 (86.5–183.0) | 0.059 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 162.3 ± 28.0 | 195.5 ± 26.3 | 0.008 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 59.0 (45.0–67.8) | 44.5 (40.0–53.0) | 0.019 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 141.8 ± 22.7 | 131.3 ± 24.8 | 0.265 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 85.5 (75.5–92.8) | 102.2 (98.6–109.4) | 0.011 |
| AST (IU/L) | 21.0 (16.5–23.8) | 17.0 (13.8–23.0) | 0.253 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 15.0 (10.5–19.8) | 22.0 (18.5–25.3) | 0.023 |
| γ-GT (IU/L) | 13.0 (10.0–17.3) | 20.0 (12.8–27.0) * | 0.062 |
ALM, appendicular lean mass; ALM/ht2, appendicular lean mass to height ratio; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; γ-GT, γ-glutamyl transferase. Continuous variables are presented as mean ± SD or median (interquartile range) and compared using independent t-test or Mann–Whitney U test (* p < 0.05 vs. age-matched healthy control).