Table 3.

Barrier properties of chitosan films reinforced with cellulose nanoparticles.

Formulation	Incorporation Method	Water Vapor Permeability (Percentage Relatively to Control)	Oxygen Permeability (Percentage Relatively to Control)	Ref
2% (w/v) Ch (deacetylation degree not specified)	Mechanical stirring and ultrasonic homogenizer	Ch + 1% CNC: Decreased 34% Ch + 3% CNC: Decreased 16% Ch + 5% CNC: Decreased 38% Ch + 10% CNC: Decreased 25%	Not Performed	[53]
1% (w/v) Ch (deacetylation degree of 90%)	Mechanical stirring and ultrasonic homogenizer	Ch + 2% CNC: Decreased 24% Ch + 4% CNC: Decreased 29% Ch + 6% CNC: Decreased 34% Ch + 8% CNC: Decreased 37%	Not Performed	[54]
3% (w/v) Ch (degree of deacetylation 94%);	Mechanical stirring	Ch + 10% CNC: Decreased 32% Ch + 20% CNC: Decreased 28%	Not Performed	[55]
2% (w/v) Ch (deacetylation degree not specified)	Mechanical stirring	Ch + 10% CGTOCNF: Decreased 6%	Ch + 10% CGTOCNF: Increased 13%	[56]
		Ch + 17% CGTOCNF: Increased 2%	Ch + 17% CGTOCNF: Increased 16%
		Ch + 25% CGTOCNF: Decreased 4%	Ch + 25% CGTOCNF: Increased 3%
		Ch + 33% CGTOCNF: Decreased 7%	Ch + 33% CGTOCNF: Increased 62%
1% (w/v) Ch (deacetylation degree 75–85%);	Nanoparticles were dispersed with the aid of mechanical stirring	Ch + 2% BCNC: Decreased 9% Ch + 4% BCNC: Decreased 20% Ch + 6% BCNC: Decreased 27%	Not Performed	[57]

Ch—chitosan; CNC—cellulose nanocrystals; CGTOCNF—curcumin-grafted; BCNC—bacterial nanocellulose.