Table 4.
Barrier properties of chitosan films reinforced with metal oxide nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes.
| Formulation | Incorporation Method | Water Vapor Permeability (Percentage Relatively to Control) | Oxygen Permeability (Percentage Relatively to Control) | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1% (w/v) Ch; 2% (w/v) purified CNT in dimethylformamide; 6 different PLA/CNT /Ch concentrations (0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9% Ch) | Nanotubes were dispersed with stirring and electrospinning | PLA/CNTs/Ch-1%: Decreased 30% PLA/CNTs/Ch-3%: Decreased 64% PLA/CNTs/Ch-5%: Decreased 71% PLA/CNTs/Ch-7%: Decreased 75% PLA/CNTs/Ch-9%: Decreased 54% |
Not performed | [58] |
| 1 g of Ch in the 1% acetic acid solution; | Metal oxides were sonicated to be dispersed | Ch + 0.1% ZnONP: Decreased 21% Ch + 0.3% ZnONP: Decreased 31% Ch + 0.5% ZnONP: Decreased 56% |
Not performed | [59] |
| 2% (w/v) Ch | Metal oxides were dispersed with stirring | Ch + 30ZnO: Decreased 66% | Ch + 30ZnO: Decreased 7.5% | [60] |
| Ch + 50ZnO: Decreased 77% | Ch + 50ZnO: Decreased 10% | |||
| Ch + 70ZnO: Decreased 87% | Ch + 70ZnO: Decreased 41% | |||
| 0.5% (w/v) Ch; 1% cellulose acetate (CelAc) solution; 0.25% glycerol | Metal oxides were dispersed in formic acid and after were mixed with the polymer solution | Ch-CelAc-CeO2-0.1%: Increased 36% Ch-CelAc-CeO2-1%: Increased 157% |
Not performed | [61] |
| Ch (0.2 g) was dispersed in 50.0 mL acidic water (0.5% v/v acetic acid | Metal oxides were dispersed in water and sonicated in an ultrasonic bath | CMC-Ch-OL-ZnONPs 0.5%: Increased 5.1% CMC-Ch-OL-ZnONPs 1%: Increased 20% CMC-Ch-OL-ZnONPs 2%: Increased 28% |
Not performed | [14] |
| 1.5% (w/v) Ch in a 1% (v/v) l-(β)-lactic acid; 0.5% glycerol (w/v); 3 different acetylene flux (4 sccm, 12 sccm, 20 sccm) | Carbon-based coatings were dispersed with radio-frequency reactive magnetron sputtering | Ch-Acetylene 4 sccm: Increased 34% | Ch-Acetylene 4 sccm: Increased 14% | [62] |
| Ch-Acetylene 4 sccm: Increased 12% | Ch-Acetylene 12 sccm: Decreased 42% | |||
| Ch-Acetylene 4 sccm: Increased 11% | Ch-Acetylene 20 sccm: Decreased 81% | |||
| 1% (w/v) Ch; 20% glycerol (w/v Ch) | Metal oxides weredispersed with refluxed | ChG7ZnO: Decreased 81% (The other results are not showed) |
Not performed | [63] |
| 0.6% (w/v) Ch; 4 different ZnONP concentrations (0.165, 0.33, 0.66, 0.99g in 15 mL Water) | Metal oxides were dispersed with vigorous stirring | Ch/ZnO 0.165 g: Decreased 13% Ch/ZnO 0.33 g: Decreased 17% Ch/ZnO 0.66 g: Decreased 8.0% Ch/ZnO 0.99 g: Decreased 6.8% |
Not performed | [64] |
| 1% (w/v) Ch and 1% (w/w of Ch) of MgO NP | Metal oxides weredispersed with vigorous stirring | Decreased 53% | Not performed | [65] |
Ch—chitosan; PLA—polylactic acid; CNTs—carbon nanotubes; ZnO—zinc Oxide; CelAc—cellulose acetate; CeO2—cerium (IV) oxide; CMC—carboxymethylcellulose; OL—oleic acid.