Table 7.
Mechanical properties of chitosan films reinforced with metal oxides compared to pristine chitosan films.
| Formulation | Incorporation Method | Tensile Strength (Relatively to Control) | Elongation at Break (Relatively to Control) | Elastic Modulus (Relatively to Control) | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2% (w/v) Ch (deacetylation degree of 75–85%) | Mechanical stirring and ultrasonic homogenizer | 5% TiO2: Increased ~ 40% | 5% TiO2: Increased ~ 35% | Not Performed | [97] |
| 10% TiO2: Increased ~ 63% | 10% TiO2: Decreased ~ 6% | ||||
| 15% TiO2: Increased ~ 100% | 15% TiO2: Decreased ~ 10% | ||||
| 2.5% (w/v) Ch (deacetylation degree of 90%) | Mechanical stirring | 0.25% TiO2: Increased ~ 90% | 0.25%TiO2: Increased ~ 70% | Not Performed | [96] |
| 2% (w/v) Ch (deacetylation degree of 85%) | Controlled-temperature water bath shaker and ultrasonic homogenizer | 0.25% TiO2: Increased ~ 10% | 0.25% TiO2: Decreased ~ 5–15% | Not Performed | [94] |
| 0.5% TiO2: Increased ~ 20% | 0.5% TiO2: Decreased ~ 5–15% | ||||
| 1% TiO2: Increased ~ 50% | 1% TiO2: Decreased ~ 5–15% | ||||
| 2% TiO2: Increased ~ 25% | 2% TiO2: Decreased ~ 5–15% | ||||
| 2% (w/v) Ch (deacetylation degree of 90%) | Mechanical stirring | 0.5% TiO2: Increased ~ 21% | 0.5% TiO2: Decreased ~ 9% | Not Performed | [101] |
| 0.5% TiO2 + BPPE: Increased ~ 61% | 0.5% TiO2+0.5 BPPE%: Increased ~ 6% | ||||
| 2.5% (w/v) Ch (deacetylation degree of 85%) | Mechanical stirring | 10% TiO2: Increased ~ 40% | 10% TiO2: Increased ~ 15% | Not Performed | [95] |
| 10% TiO2+APE: Increased ~ 70% | 10% TiO2+5%APE: Increased ~ 22% | ||||
| 1% (w/v) Ch (deacetylation degree of 85%) | Mechanical stirring and ultrasonic homogenizer | 1% ZnO: Increased ~ 83% | 1% ZnO: Increased ~ 138% | Not Performed | [99] |
| 2% ZnO: Increased ~ 78% | 2% ZnO: Increased ~ 62% | ||||
| 3% ZnO: Increased ~ 70% | 3% ZnO: Increased ~ 36% | ||||
| 4% ZnO: Increased ~ 68% | 4% ZnO: Decreased ~ 12% | ||||
| 5% ZnO: Increased ~ 54% | 5% ZnO: Decreased ~ 33% | ||||
| 6% ZnO: Increased ~ 24% | 6% ZnO: Decreased ~ 47% | ||||
| 7% ZnO: Increased ~ 19% | 7% ZnO: Decreased ~ 59% | ||||
| 10% ZnO: Increased ~ 16% | 10% ZnO: Decreased ~ 61% | ||||
| Not specified % (w/v) Ch (deacetylation degree unknown) | Mechanical stirring and ultrasonic homogenizer | 0.1% ZnO: Increased ~ 15% | 0.1% ZnO: Increased ~ 30% | Not Performed | [59] |
| 0.3% ZnO: Increased ~ 50% | 0.3% ZnO: Increased ~ 75% | ||||
| 0.5% ZnO: Increased ~ 70% | 0.5% ZnO: Increased ~ 90% | ||||
| 0.5% ZnO + NEO: Increased ~ 100% | 0.5% ZnO + NEO: Increased ~ 130% | ||||
| 2% (w/v) Ch (deacetylation degree of >75%) | Mechanical stirring | 1% ZnO: Increased ~ 32% | 1% ZnO: Decreased ~ 18% | 1% ZnO: Increased ~ 47% | [102] |
| 2% ZnO: Increased ~ 67% | 2% ZnO: Decreased ~ 57% | 2% ZnO: Increased ~ 81% | |||
| 2% (w/v) Ch (deacetylation degree of 85%) | Ultrasonic homogenizer | 0.5% ZnO: Increased ~ 103% | 0.5% ZnO: Decreased ~ 26% | Not Performed | [100] |
| 1% ZnO: Increased ~ 225% | 1% ZnO: Increased ~ 7% | ||||
| 1.5% ZnO: Increased ~ 182% | 1.5% ZnO: Decreased ~ 52% | ||||
| 2% ZnO: Increased ~ 122% | 2% ZnO: Decreased ~ 56% | ||||
| Not specified % (w/v) Ch (deacetylation degree of >75%) | Reflux-solution method | 3% ZnO: Decreased ~ 25% | 3% ZnO: Decreased ~ 3% | 3% ZnO: Decreased ~ 42% | [63] |
| 5% ZnO: Decreased ~ 20% | 5% ZnO: Increased ~ 35% | 5% ZnO: Decreased ~ 40% | |||
| 7% ZnO: Decreased ~ 15% | 7% ZnO: Increased ~ 65% | 7% ZnO: Decreased ~ 43% | |||
| 1% (w/v) Ch (deacetylation degree of 75%) | Mechanical stirring and ultrasonic homogenizer | 5% MgO: Increased ~ 86% | 5% MgO: Decreased ~ 13% | 5% MgO: Increased ~ 38% | [103] |
| 10% MgO: Increased ~ 26% | 10% MgO: Decreased ~ 25% | 10% MgO: Increased ~ 27% | |||
| 1% (w/v) CMCh (deacetylation degree of 90%) | Mechanical stirring and ultrasonic homogenizer | 0.5% MgO: Decreases ~ 30–35% | 0.5% MgO: Increased ~ 142% | 0.5% MgO: Increased ~ 24% | [104] |
| 1% MgO: Decreased ~ 10–15% | 1% MgO: Increased ~ 171% | 1% MgO: Increased ~ 88% |
Ch—chitosan; TiO2—titanium dioxide; BPPE—black plum peel extract; APE—red apple pomace; ZnO—zinc Oxide; NEO—neem oil; MgO—magnesium oxide.