Table 8.
Mechanical properties of chitosan films reinforced with carbon nanotubes compared to pristine chitosan films.
| Formulation | Incorporation Method | Tensile Strength (Relatively to Control) | Elongation at Break (Relatively to Control) | Elastic Modulus (Relatively to Control) | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1% (w/v) Ch (deacetylation degree of 83%) | Rotor–stator homogenizer (Ultra-Turrax) and ultrasonic homogenizer | 0.2% MWCNT: Increased ~ 23% | 0.2% MWCNT: Decreased ~ 27% | 0.2% MWCNT: Increased ~ 49% | [106] |
| 0.4% MWCNT: Increased ~ 78% | 0.4% MWCNT: Decreased ~ 58% | 0.4% MWCNT: Increased ~ 94% | |||
| 0.8% MWCNT: Increased ~ 93% | 0.8% MWCNT: Decreased ~ 61% | 0.8% MWCNT: Increased ~ 99% | |||
| 2% MWCNT: Increased ~ 99% | 2% MWCNT: Decreased ~ 73% | 2% MWCNT: Increased ~ 97% | |||
| 3% (w/v) Ch (deacetylation degree of 85%) | Mechanical stirring | 0.1% MWCNT: Increased ~ 25% | 0.1% MWCNT: Increased ~ 45% | 0.1% MWCNT: Increased ~ 136% | [109] |
| 0.5% MWCNT: Increased ~ 59% | 0.5% MWCNT: Increased ~ 95% | 0.5% MWCNT: Increased ~ 288% | |||
| 1%MWCNT: Increased ~ 119% | 1% MWCNT: Increased ~ 150% | 1% MWCNT: Increased ~ 322% | |||
| 1.5%MWCNT: Increased ~ 162% | 1.5% MWCNT: Increased ~ 200% | 1.5%MWCNT: Increased ~ 384% | |||
| Not specified % (w/v) Ch (deacetylation degree of 75–85%) | Coating | 0.1% Raw-MWCNT: Increased ~ 2% | 0.1%Raw-MWCNT: Decreased ~ 6% | 0.1%Raw-MWCNT: Increased ~ 10% | [110] |
| 0.1% PHB–MWCNT: Increased ~ 42% | 0.1% PHB–MWCNT: Increased ~ 28% | 0.1% PHB–MWCNT: Increased ~ 24% | |||
| 2% (w/v) Ch (deacetylation degree of 75–85%) | Mechanical stirring and ultrasonic homogenizer | 0.1%MWCNT: Increased ~ 10% | 0.1% MWCNT: Decreased ~ 15% | 0.1% CNT: Increased ~ 10% | [111] |
| 0.5% MWCNT: Increased ~ 20% | 0.5% MWCNT: Decreased ~ 30% | 0.5% CNT: Increased ~ 40% | |||
| 0.5% MWCNT: Increased ~ 20% | 1% MWCNT: Decreased ~ 33% | 1% CNT: Increased ~ 47% | |||
| 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5% (w/v) Ch (deacetylation degree of 75–85%) | Mechanical stirring and ultrasonic homogenizer | 1% Ch + 0.5% MWCNT: Increased ~ 44% | Not Performed | 1% Ch + 0.5% MWCNT: Increased ~ 19% | [112] |
| 1% Ch + 1% MWCNT: Increased ~ 31% | 1% Ch + 1% MWCNT: Increased ~ 5% | ||||
| 1.5% Ch + 0.5% MWCNT: Increased ~ 66% | 1.5% Ch + 0.5% MWCNT: Increased ~ 72% | ||||
| 1.5%Ch+1%MWCNT: Increased ~ 41% | 1.5% Ch + 1% MWCNT: Increased ~ 55% | ||||
| 2% Ch + 0.5% MWCNT: Increased ~ 113% | 2% Ch + 0.5% MWCNT: Increased ~ 143% | ||||
| 2% Ch + 1% MWCNT: Increased ~ 84% | 2% Ch + 1% MWCNT: Increased ~ 70% | ||||
| 2.5% Ch + 0.5% MWCNT: Increased ~ 176% | 2.5% Ch + 0.5% MWCNT: Increased ~ 195% | ||||
| 2.5% Ch + 1% MWCNT: Increased ~ 139% | 2.5% Ch + 1% MWCNT: Increased ~ 77% | ||||
| 2% (w/v) Ch (deacetylation degree of 92.5%) | Mechanical stirring and ultrasonic homogenizer | 1% MWCNT: Increased ~ 6% | 1% MWCNT: Increased ~ 57% | Not Performed | [113] |
| 2% MWCNT: Increased ~ 47% | 2% MWCNT: Increased ~ 70% | ||||
| 5% MWCNT: Increased ~ 17% | 5% MWCNT: Increased ~ 34% | ||||
| 10% MWCNT: Increased ~ 23% | 10% MWCNT: Increased ~ 53% |
Ch—chitosan; MWCNT—multi-wall carbon nanotubes; PHB—poly(3-hydroxybutyrate).