Validation in the Ernie head model, analogous to Fig. 4. The 1st row shows, as a reference, the directly computed average ROI E-field in direction (oriented horizontally) across TMS coil positions on the scalp. The scalp area spanned by the coil positions has a diameter of 2 cm. Four coil orientations are considered, from left to right: 0°, 45°, 90°, and 135°. The range of observed E-field component values are given in parenthesis below each figure in V/m. The 2nd and 3rd row contain the corresponding error relative to the direct method, err, for the reciprocity and ADM approaches, respectively. The direct method is used as a reference since there is no analytical solution for anatomically-detailed MRI-based head models.