Figure 3.

Flowchart for overlapping retinal amyloid-β (Aβ)-associated mechanisms and effects in AD, glaucoma, and AMD. Elevated Aβ levels in various structural formations, especially oligomers and plaques, have been associated with increased upregulation of pathology cascades. These pathways have been associated with increased Aβ accumulations and increased neurodegeneration with a potential loss of cognition and vision. Abbreviations: AD: Alzheimer’s disease; AMD: age-related macular degeneration; NF-κb: nuclear factor kappa B; NLRP3: NLR family pyrin domain containing 3; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; IPL: inner plexiform layer; RGC: retinal ganglion cell; PRC: photoreceptor cell; ON: optic nerve: RPE: retinal pigment epithelium.