Co-treatment with AraC and chloroquine (CQ) gives the highest levels of cell death in patient-derived AML cells. (A) Induction of cell death in AML patient samples (n = 9) treated with AraC (750 nM), CQ (10 μM), or the combination as determined by Annexin-V staining after 72 h of incubation. Each color represents a different sample. (B) Induction of cell death in de novo versus matched relapse AML patient samples (n = 3), treated with 750 nM AraC, 10 µM CQ, or the combination. (C) Autophagosomal content as determined by cyto-ID of de novo versus matched relapse AML patient samples (n = 3, using flow cytometry). Significance was tested using one-way ANOVA Tukey’s multiple comparison test. p values are indicated as: ** p < 0.01, and * p < 0.05.