Table 2.

Characteristics of thickening agents used (after [31]).

Thickener	Source	Chemical Composition	Shear Stability	Gelation	Film Formation	Thickening Effect
guar gum	endosperm of seed	polysaccharide of D-mannose and D-galactose	shear thinning	no	low	high
starch	seed extracts (germs, roots)	α-D-glucose	low after gelation, irreversible viscosity loss	upon heating	high	high
methyl cellulose	wood pulp or cotton linters	linear polymer of β-D-glucose with (CH3)-substituents	shear-thinning with re-thickening effect (after rest-time), gels are very thixotropic	reversible gelation upon heating	high	low to high
wallpaper paste	mixture of starch and methyl cellulose