Figure 2.

A comparison of normal vs. tumor vasculature (A), and constituents of the tumor environment (B); tumor-associated angiogenesis is regulated by a plethora of molecules produced by tumor cells, stromal cells and a variety of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment including T cells, NK cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. These molecules include growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, interleukins, lipid derivatives, ECM components and epigenetic regulators such as microRNAs carried by microvesicles [64]. The tumor microenvironment is heterogeneous depending on the tumor type and stage of tumor growth. Figure reproduced with permission from [69].