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. 2021 Feb 24;13(5):942. doi: 10.3390/cancers13050942

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Tumor-associated angiogenesis (TAA) and lymphangiogenesis (TAL) and the proposed roles of PGE2/EP4. vascular endothelial cells (VEC) and LEC precursors located in venules and lymphatic capillaries bear respective receptors VEGF-R1, -R2 for VEGF-A and VEGF-R3 for VEGF-C and -D, respectively. They also bear PGE2 receptor EP4. The production of VEGF family and PGE2 by tumor cells or host cells such as macrophages (not shown) stimulates TAA and TAL by binding to their receptors on VEC or LEC. EP4 activation also induces CCR7 on LEC precursors, which binds to CCL21 produced by tumor or host cells. (Figure based on Tutunea-Fatan et al., 2015 [59] and Nandi et al., 2017 [77]).