Table 1.
Contents of Cy3Gal from different natural sources a.
| Direct Sources | Botanical Name | Content of Cy3Gal (mg/100g Material Weight) | Notes | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achene | Coriaria myrtifolia L. | 607.3 c | - | [74] |
| Apple juice | Malus pumila | 12.5 d | - | [12] |
| Malus marjorensis | 1.25 d | |||
| Apple red flesh | - | 6.765 b | - | [11] |
| Malus domestica | 0.45–47.63 b | - | [75] | |
| Malus spp. | 31.86–1246.36 c | The whole fruit was used in the study | [76] | |
| Apple white flesh | Malus domestica | 0.00 b | - | [75] |
| Malus micromalus | 0.00 c | The whole fruit was used in the study | [76] | |
| Apple peel | Malus domestica | 4.9321–85.6 c | - | [73,77] |
| 0–20.82 b | - | [11,78] | ||
| Bilberry | Vaccinium myrtillus | 370 b | - | [79] |
| Black soybean seed coat | Glycine max L. Merr. | 6.0 ± 3.6 b | The data are counted as the mean of 60 varieties | [80] |
| Blueberry | Vaccinium spp. | 28 b | - | [79] |
| Vaccinium corymbosum L. | 6.24 ± 0.81 b | - | [81] | |
| Chokeberry | Aronia melanocarpa Michx. | 168.0–636.0 b | - | [82,83,84,85] |
| Aronia prunifolia | 497 ± 10 b | - | [85] | |
| Chokeberry juice | - | 108.9–326.1 d | - | [67] |
| Cornelian cherry fruit | Cornus mas L. | 4.63–130.93 b | - | [86] |
| Crabapple flower petal | Malus hupehensis | 131.37–1430.75 c | - | [87] |
| Cranberry | Vaccinium macrocarpon | 5.7–123.4 c | Materials were dried using different methods | [64] |
| Vaccinium oxycoccos | 386 b | - | [79] | |
| Cranberry juice | Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. | 64.20 d | - | [15] |
| Crowberry | Empetrum nigrum | 804 b | - | [79] |
| Deerberry | Vaccinium stamineum L. | 74.42–98.75 b | - | [88] |
| Hawthorn fruit | Crataegus pinnatifida var. major | 15 ± 1.10 c | The data are the mean from 10 cultivars | [13] |
| Crataegus brettschneideri | 37 ± 3.36 c | The data are the mean from 8 cultivars | ||
| Crataegus pinnatifida | 20 ± 2.89 c | The data are the mean from 3 cultivars | ||
| Crataegus scabrifolia | 0 c | - | ||
| Lingonberry | Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. | 18.7–35.5 b | - | [89] |
| 575 ± 20 c | - | [90] | ||
| Kenyan tea | Camellia sinensis L. | 0.951–15.544 d | - | [91] |
| Pear peel | Pyrus communis | 23.7 ± 3.2 b | - | [92] |
| Pistachio nuts skin | Pistacia Vera L. | 69.6 ± 4.5 b | - | [93] |
| Poinsettia bract | Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. | 0.724–108.168 b | Only data of bracts in fully pigmented stage are presented | [94] |
| Purple wheat | Triticum aestivum | 0.098 ± 0.015 b | - | [95] |
| Saskatoon berry | Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt. | 20.5–155.0 b | - | [96,97] |
| Amelanchier arborea | 390 b | - | [98] | |
| Amelanchier canadensis | 165 b | |||
| Strawberry | Fragaria × ananassa | 0.214 ± 0.0014 b | - | [99] |
| Arbutus unedo L. | 2.84 ± 0.540 b | - | [100] | |
| Theaceae flower petal | Camellia reticulata | 19.5 c | The fresh petals were treated with boiling water for 4–6 s and were then dried at room temperature | [101] |
| Camellia pitardii var. yunnanica | 33.1 c |
a Information from previous studies is not exhaustive because of the context limit. Number after each “±” represents standard error (some are converted from standard deviation, but not all variation is given in the original). b Material weight was counted on a fresh weight basis. c Material weight was counted on a dry weight basis. d For liquid materials, the data units are “mg/L”. “-” represents “none”.