Table 1.
Examples of lncRNAs implicated in glucose metabolism alteration in gastrointestinal (GI) cancers.
| lncRNA | Deregulation | Functions and Targets | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| AF339830 (GLCC1) | Upregulated in CRC | Stabilizes c-MYC; upregulates LDHA; increases glycolysis | [42] |
| LINRIS | Upregulated in CRC | Prevents IGF2BP2 degradation; stabilizies c-MYC; upregulates GLUT-1, PKM2 and LDHA expession | [44] |
| LINC00973 | Upregulated in cetuximab-resistant CRC cells | Increases glucose consumption and lactate production | [35] |
| LINC00504 | Upregulated in colon cancer | Increases c-MYC transcriptional activity; increases glycolysis, fatty acid synthesis, maintains redox status | [43] |
| FEZF1-AS1 | Upregulated in CRC | Stabilizes and promotes the activity of PKM2; upregulates glycolysis and STAT3 signaling | [49] |
| ENO1-IT1 | Fusobacterium nucleatum-activated lncRNA in CRC | Upregulates the alpha-enolase glycolytic enzyme | [30] |
| RAD51-AS1 | Downregulated in CRC | ceRNA for miR-29b-3p and miR-29c-3p; upregulates NDRG2; increases the levels of HK2 and GLUT-1, glucose uptake and lactate production | [45] |
| lncARSR | Upregulated in CRC | Sponges miR-34a-5p; upregulates HK1-mediated aerobic glycolysis | [48] |
| CRNDE | Upregulated in CRC | Upregulates G6PD, GLUT-4 and MLXIPL; increases glucose uptake and lactate production | [50] |
| LINC01554 | Downregulated in HCC | Promotes PKM2 degradation; inhibits Akt/mTOR signaling | [51] |
| MALAT1 | Upregulated in HCC | Upregulates TCF7L2 via the mTORC1 pathway; upregulates the expression of glycolytic enzymes | [52] |
| Ftx | Upregulated in HCC | Enhances the activity and expression of GLUT-1 and GLUT-4 via PPARγ | [53] |
| MEG3 | Downregulated in high glucose-treated HCC | Sponges miR-483-3p; suppresses ERp29 expression | [54] |
| UCA1 | Upregulated in HCC | Increases the expression of HK2; enhances glucose uptake, lactate and ATP production | [29] |
| RAET1K | Upregulated in HCC | Sponges miR-100-5p; upregulates HIF1α; suppresses hypoxia-induced glucose uptake and lactate secretion | [28] |
| HOTAIR | Upregulated in HCC | Upregulates GLUT-1; activates mTOR signaling pathway; decoy for miR-130a-3p (HIF1α target); promotes glycolysis and lactate production | [55,56] |
| DDX11-AS1 | Upregulated in HCC | Sponges miR-195-5p; increases MACC1 expression; increases glucose consumption and lactate production | [57] |
| SOX2OT | Upregulated in HCC | Sponges miR-122-5p; activates PKM2, HK2 and LDHA | [58] |
| DLX6-AS1 | Upregulated in gastric cancer | Sponges miR-4290; upregulates PDK1; elevates glycolysis rates; inhibits mitochondrial respiration | [59] |
| DGCR9 | Upregulated in gastric cancer | Increases glucose uptake | [60] |
| HOTAIR | Upregulated in pancreatic cancer | Upregulates HK2; increases glucose uptake, ATP and lactate production | [61] |
| LINC00184 | Upregulated in esophageal cancer | Silences PTEN; increases glycolysis and decreases mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation | [62] |
| UCA1 | Upregulated in esophageal cancer | Sponges miR-203; suppresses HK2 degradation; increases glucose uptake and lactate output | [63] |
| PVT1 | Upregulated in gallbladder cancer | Sponges and repress miR-143; upregulates HK2; increases glucose uptake and lactate output | [64] |