Supplementation of Bifidobacterium strains exhibits anti-tumor effects. (A) Experimental protocol: each Bifidobacterium strain was administered orally 14 days before MC38 inoculation and continued until the end of the experiment. After tumor inoculation, oxaliplatin or PD-1 blockade was injected intraperitoneally. (B) Tumor growth curves after administering Bifidobacterium strains, with or without oxaliplatin. Oxp, oxaliplatin; B. bre JCM92, B. breve JCM92; B. bre Bb03, B. breve Bb03. Data are expressed as the means ± standard error of means (SEM). p-values were determined by two-way ANOVA using Tukey’s post-test. (C) Representation of the ClueGO functional network analysis of the upregulated genes in B. bre JCM92 compared to B. bre Bb03 (Fold change > 2). *** p < 0.001, and ns, not significant.