Table 1.
Inhibitory effect of EGCG on the serum biomarkers of COVID-19.
| Cytokine | Inhibitory Effect of EGCG | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| TRAIL | Suppresses TRAIL expression levels in auto immune thyroiditis. | [39] |
| Sensitizes TRAIL induced apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells, via repression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and inhibition of TNF-α and IL-6. | [40] | |
| M-CSF | Down regulates M-CSF via miR-16 mediated inhibition of Tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) infiltration and M2 polarization in breast cancer cells. | [41] |
| GRO-α | Inhibits GRO-α expression levels by blocking IL-1β mediated stimulation in human Chondrocytes. | [42] |
| G-CSF | EGCG is chemopreventive through membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) intracellular mediated signaling and sequential activation of the Src and JAK/STAT pathways thus antagonizing concavalin-A-induced colony stimulating factor (CSF)-2 and CSF-3 gene expression in mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). | [43] |
| IL-6 | Inhibits IL-6 in epithelial ovarian cancer cells. | [44] |
| Inhibits IL-6 expression levels by blocking IL-1β mediated stimulation in human chondrocytes. | [42] | |
| IL-2 | EGCG exerts anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD). | [44] |
| EGCG binds to staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) and neutralizes it in a dose dependent manner and inhibits SEB-induced IL-2 in AD. | [45] | |
| β-NGF | EGCG via the PI3K/Akt, glycogen synthase kinase-3 pathway and downstream signaling through cytochrome c and caspase-3 pathways could exert trophic factor effect in neurodegenerative diseases associated with oxidative injury. | [46] |
| EGCG significantly exalted NGF-induced neurite outgrowth by increasing the expression levels of mRNA and proteins for the neuronal markers neurofilament-L and growth associated protein-43. | [47] | |
| IL-10 | EGCG ameliorated airway inflammation and eosinophil infiltrations in asthmatic mice by increasing the production of IL-10, the number of CD4+CD25+ Foxp3+ Treg cells and expression of Foxp3 mRNA in the lung tissue. | [48] |
| MCP-1 | EGCG inhibits MCP-1, by suppressing IL-1β mediated stimulation in human Chondrocytes. | [42] |
| SCF | No articles found | |
| IL-15 | EGCG regulates effector T cells and naïve T cell population and restores the balance of T helper (Th) cell 17/regulatory T cells, via STAT3 and STAT5. EGCG rescued IL‑7 production and decreased the levels of IL‑15 in transverse aortic constriction (TAC) rats with a therapeutic potential in inhibiting cardiac extracellular matrix remodeling. | [49] |
| IL-8 | Inhibits IL-6 expression levels by blocking IL-1β mediated stimulation in human chondrocytes. | [42] |
| IL-7 | EGCG suppresses IL-7 signaling by inhibiting the expression of IL-7R and IL-2R receptor subunit (common γ chain) involved in IL-2 mediated T-cell regulation. | [50] |
| IP-10 | EGCG reduces airway inflammation via anti-inflammatory mechanism in the airway cells by binding directly to chemokines C-X-C ligand (CXCL)9, CXCL10, and CXCL11, thus limiting their biological activities. | [51] |
| PDGF-BB | EGCG, either by plasma membrane incorporated or soluble form, interacts directly with PDGF-BB via the galloyl group in the third position and interferes with PDGF-BB-induced mitogenic signaling pathway by inhibiting tyrosine phosphorylation of the PDGF-Rβ thereby preventing specific receptor binding, inhibiting downstream signal transduction pathways and cell proliferation. | [52] |
| IFN-γ | Reduced IFN-γ levels by suppressing NF-κB pathway. | [39] |
| EGCG binds to staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) and neutralizes it in a dose dependent manner and inhibits SEB-induced IFN-γ production and IL-2. | [45] | |
| IL-18 | EGCG attenuates microglial inflammation and neurotoxicity by suppressing NLRP3 and caspase-11-dependent inflammasome via toll-like receptor (TLR)4/NF-κB pathway in lipopolysaccahride+amyloid β protein (LPS+Aβ)-induced rat primary microglia and hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice by inhibiting the expression of ionised calcium-binding adapter molecule-1, cleaved IL-1β, and cleaved IL-18 induced by LPS+Aβ. | [53] |
| EGCG exhibits anti-cancer and anti-atherosclerotic activity by a selective inhibition of the tyrosine phosphorylation of PDGF-Rβ and its downstream signaling pathway. | [54] | |
| IL-2rγ | EGCG impacts T-cell regulation by inhibiting IL-2 proprietary α chains resulting in impaired signaling. | [50] |