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. 2021 Feb 27;22(5):2380. doi: 10.3390/ijms22052380

Table 1.

Potentially toxic essential oils and their toxic constituents discussed in this review.

EO Botanical Name Family Part Used Hazard(s) Toxic Component(s) Oil Composition Maximum Oral Dose in Pregnancy [22] Ref.
Anise or aniseed Pimpinella anisum L. Apiaceae Seeds Reproductive hormone modulation (E)-Anethole (E)-anethole (75.2–96.1%), d-limonene (tr–4.9%), and estragole (0.5–5.0%) - [23,24]
Aniseed Myrtle Syzygium anisatum (Vickery) Craven and Biffin Myrtaceae Leaves Reproductive hormone modulation (E)-Anethole (E)-anethole (95.0%), and estragole (4.4%) - [25]
Araucaria Neocallitropsis pancheri (Carriere) de Laub. (synonym: Callitropsis araucarioides Compton, and Neocallitropsis araucarioides (Compton) Florin) Cupressaceae Wood Fetotoxic, anti-angiogenic β-Eudesmol β-eudesmol (25.9%), γ-eudesmol (19.0%), α-eudesmol (13.3%), guaiol (6.0%), elemol (5.0%), and β-bisabolenol (4.9%) - [26]
Atractylis (Cang-zhu atractylodes) Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC Asteraceae Roots Anti-angiogenic, fetotoxic β-Elemene and β-eudesmol β-eudesmol (26.0%), β-elemene (18.0%), hinesol (10.0%), and elemol (6.0%) - [22]
Australian Lemon balm (lemon-scented ironbark) Eucalyptus staigeriana F. v. Muell. ex F. M. Bailey Myrtaceae Leaves Teratogenicity Citral d-limonene+ β-phellandrene (30.5%), geranial (9.9%), neral (7.7%), α-phellandrene (7.1%), and terpinolene (6.6%) 238 mg/day based on 17.6% citral content [22]
Basil oil (estragole chemotype) Ocimum basilicum L. Lamiaceae Leaves Potentially carcinogenic Estragole and methyleugenol estragole (73.4–87.4%), linalool (tr–8.6%), and 1,8-cineole (0.6–6.0%) - [23]
Bitter Fennel Foeniculum vulgare Mill. subsp. capillaceum Gilib. Apiaceae Seeds Reproductive hormone modulation (E)-anethole (E)-anethole (52.5–84.3%), fenchone (4.0–24.0%), α-pinene (tr-10.4%), d-limonene (0.5–9.4%), and estragole (2.8–6.5%). - [23]
Black seed (black cumin or black caraway) Nigella sativa L. Ranunculaceae Seeds Fetotoxic Thymoquinone thymoquinone (26.8–54.8%), p-cymene (14.7–38.0%), longifolene (1.2–10.2%), and α-thujene (1.3–10.1%) as the main constituents. - [27]
Blue Cypress (Northern cypress pine) Callitris intratropica R.T. Baker and H.B. Sm. Cupressaceae Wood Fetotoxic, anti-angiogenic β-Eudesmol β-eudesmol (14.4%), dihydrocolumellarin (14.0%), guaiol (13.7%), γ-eudesmol (9.1%), α-eudesmol (7.6%), guaiazulene (6.2%), chamazulene (5.6%) - [28]
Buchu (diosphenol chemotype) Agathosma betulina Bergius Rutaceae Leaves Abortifacient; hepatotoxicity Pulegone isomenthone (4.6–29.1%), limonene (11.6–28.2%), disophenol (12.0–26.3%), menthone (2.5–25.0%), c-diosphenol (10.3–23.3%), and 8-mercapto-p-menthan-3-one(cis-trans) (0.7–6.6%) - [29]
Buchu (pulegone chemotype) Agathosma crenulata L. Rutaceae Leaves abortifacient Pulegone (1R)-(+)-β-pulegone (31.6–73.2%), isomenthone (3.6–27.6%), limonene (2.1–17.2%), (E)-8-acetylthio-p-menthan-3-one (0.4–10.4%), and menthone (1.3–7.0%) - [29,30]
Carrot seed Daucus carota L. subsp. sativus Hoffm. Apiaceae Seeds antigestational effects carotol (36.1–73.1%), α-pinene (0.9–11.2%), dauca-4,8-diene (1.6–5.9%), and β-caryophyllene (0.7–5.6%) - [31]
Cassia (Chinese or false cinnamon) Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J. Presl (synonym: Cinnamomum aromaticum Nees) Lauraceae Leaves, terminal branches and bark Embryotoxicity, reproductive toxicity Methyleugenol and cinnamaldehyde (E)-cinnamaldehyde (73.2–89.4%), (Z)-cinnamaldehyde (0.8–12.3%), and (E)-cinnamyl acetate (0.1–5.4%) while in the leaf oil (E)-cinnamaldehyde (54.6–90.1%), (E)-cinnamyl acetate (1.4–12.5%), (Z)-cinnamaldehyde (0.4–10.5%), and benzaldehyde (1.1–6.3%) - [32]
Chaste tree (Monk’s pepper) Vitex agnus-castus L. Verbenaceae Leaves Reproductive hormone modulation The oil may contain methyleugenol Leaf EO: 1,8-cineole (15.6–35.2%), sabinene (6.9–17.1%), α-pinene (1.0–13.9%), α-terpineol (1.4–9.2%), γ-elemene (0–9.1%), β-selinene (0–9.0%), β-caryophyllene (2.3–8.9%), (Z)-β-farnesene (0–8.6%), citronellyl acetate (0.3–7.8%), and citronellic acid (0–6.6%).
Seed EO: sabinene (7.1–44.1%), 1,8-cineole (8.4–23.3%), α-pinene (1.2–23.1%), γ-elemene (0–17.0%), (E)-β-farnesene (0–10.3%), β-caryophyllene (0.8–9.3%), α-terpineol (0.2–9.3%), limonene (0.5–7.4%), (Z)-β-farnesene (0–6.9%), citronellyl acetate (0.2–6.0%), β-selinene (0–6.0%), and β-myrcene (0–5.6%). 		- [33,34]
Cinnamon bark Cinnamomum verum J. Presl. (Synonym: Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume) Lauraceae Dried inner bark of young trees Embryotoxicity (E)-Cinnamaldehyde (E)-cinnamaldehyde (63.1–75.7%), eugenol (2.0–13.3%), (E)-cinnamyl acetate (0.3–10.6%), linalool (0.2–7.0%), and β-caryophyllene (1.3–5.8%) - [23,24]
Costus Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch. (synonym: Aplotaxis lappa Decne., Aucklandia costus Falc., Saussurea lappa (Decne) C.B. Clarke) Asteraceae Dried roots Fetotoxicity, anti-angiogenicity Costunolide and dehydrocostus lactone aplotaxene (20.0%), dihydrocostus lactone (15.0%), costusic acid (14.0%), costunolide (11.0%), dehydrocostus lactone (6.0%), and dihydrodehydrocostus lactone (6.0%) - [35]
Dalmatian Sage Salvia officinalis L. Lamiaceae Leaves embryotoxic Camphor, thujones camphor (7.3–50.2%), α-thujone (13.1–48.5%), borneol (1.5–23.9%), 1,8-cineole (1.8–21.7%), β-thujone (3.9–19.1%), β-caryophyllene (0.2–9.7%), camphene (0–8.6%), α-pinene (0–8.0%) and bornyl acetate (0.3–5.7%) - [36]
Feverfew (nosebleed or midsummer daisy) Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch. Bip. (synonym: Chrysanthemum parthenium (L.) Bernh.) Asteraceae Leaves Unsafe, moderately neurotoxic Camphor camphor (28.0–44.2%), (E)-chrysanthenyl acetate (22.9–30.2%), camphene (5.4–7.7%), and germacrene D (0.7–4.6%) - [37]
Genipi (Genepi) Artemisia genepi Weber. (synonym: A. spicata Wulfen, and A. mutellina Vill.) Asteraceae Aerial parts Neurotoxic Thujone α-thujone (79.8%) and β-thujone (10.4%) - [38]
Great Mugwort Artemisia arborescens L. Asteraceae Aerial parts Neurotoxic Thujone β-thujone (34.0%), chamazulene (22.4%), and camphor (11.8%) - [39]
Green Yarrow (Ligurian yarrow) Achillea nobilis L. (synonym: A. ligustica Vis. ex Nym.) Asteraceae Aerial parts of the flowering plant Abortifacient Sabinyl acetate; camphor camphor (13.7%) artemisia alcohol (9.2%), germacrene D (8.8%), artemisia ketone (8.7%) and viridiflorol (5.7%) - [22]
Ho leaf (camphor chemotype) Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.Presl Lauraceae Leaves Neurotoxic Camphor camphor (37.8–84.1%), 1,8-cineole (1.0–12.0%), and terpinen-4-ol (0.9–6.3%) - [40]
Honey Myrtle (Marsh honey myrtle) Melaleuca teretifolia Endl. Myrtaceae Leaves Teratogenicity Citral geranial (37.5%), neral (29.0%) and β-myrcene (10.9%) 63 mg/day based on 66.5% citral content [22]
Hyssop (pinocamphone chemotype) Hyssopus officinalis L. Lamiaceae Leaves and flowering tops Neurotoxicity; carcinogen Pinocamphone, methyleugenol pinocamphone (31.2–42.7%), isopinocamphone (30.9–39.2%) and β-pinene (4.0–8.8%) - [37,41]
Indian dill seed (Sowa) Anethum sowa Roxb. ex Flem. Apiaceae Seeds hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, Abortifacient Dill apiole dill apiole (20.7–52.5%), d-limonene (5.9–45.0%), (+)-carvone (17.4–23.1%), (E)-dihydrocarvone (4.2–16.6%), α-phellandrene (tr–6.5%), and (Z)-dihydrocarvone (0.8–5.2%) - [32]
Lanyana (African wormwood) Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd. Asteraceae Leaves and stems neurotoxic Thujone α-thujone (22.5%), (E)-chrysanthenyl acetate (19.2%), 1,8-cineole (19.1%), camphor (11.0%), and β-thujone (8.9%) - [22]
Lemon basil Ocimum × africanum Lour. Lamiaceae Leaves Teratogenicity Citral geranial (23.3–25.1%), neral (16.0–17.1%), nerol (13.0–15.3%), linalool (5.0–7.8%), and (E)-α-bisabolene (5.3–6.2%) 99 mg/day based on 42.2% citral content [22]
Lemon leaf (lemon petitgrain) Citrus × limon L. (synonym: Citrus limonum Risso) Rutaceae Leaves Teratogenicity Citral geranial (10.9–39.0%), limonene (8.1–30.7%), neral (6.5–25.3%), geraniol (0.5–15.0%), β-pinene (3.5–13.6%), neryl acetate (3.7–7.4%), nerol (1.3–7.4%), α-terpinyl acetate (tr–7.3%), and linalyl acetate (tr–6.5%) 84 mg based on 50% citral content [32]
Lemon Myrtle (lemon ironwood or sweet verbena tree) Backhousia citriodora F. Muell. Myrtaceae Leaves Teratogenicity Citral geranial (46.1–60.7%) and neral (32.0–40.9%) 46 mg/day [42]
Lemon Thyme Thymus citriodorus (Pers.) Schreb. (Synonyms: Thymus lanuginosus Mill. var. citriodorum Pers., Thymus serpyllum var. citriodorus (Hort.), Thymus serpyllum L. var. vulgaris Benth.); a cross between Thymus vulgaris and Thymus pulegioides. Lamiaceae Aerial parts Teratogenicity Citral geraniol (39.2%), carvacrol (15.4%), geranial (9.2%) and neral (7.1%) 258 mg/day based on 16.3% citral content [43]
Lemongrass Cymbopogon flexuosus Nees ex Steud. (synonym.: Andropogon flexuosus Nees ex Steud.) (East Indian) and Cymbopogon citratus DC (synonym: Andropogon citratus DC) (West Indian) Poaceae Leaves Teratogenicity Citral

  • East Indian lemongrass: geranial (45.1–54.5%) and neral (30.1–36.1%).

  • West Indian lemongrass: geranial (36.7–55.9%), neral (25.0–35.2%), β-myrcene (5.6–19.2%), geraniol (0–6.7%), and limonene oxide (0–6.4%)

 46 mg/day based on 90% citral content [41,44,45]
Lemon-scented tea tree (lemon tea tree) Leptospermum petersonii F. M. Bailey (synonym: Leptospermum citratum Chall., Cheel and Penf.; Leptospermum liversidgei R.T. Baker and H. G. Smith) Myrtaceae Aerial parts Teratogenicity Citral geranial (45.4%), neral (31.3%), α-pinene (12.3%), and citronellal (6.8%) 54 mg/day based on 77% citral content [46]
Lesser Calamint (Cuckoo flower, field balm, and nepitella) Calamintha nepeta L. subsp. glandulosa Req. (synonym: Calamintha officinalis Moench.) Lamiaceae Aerial parts Abortifacient; hepatotoxicity Pulegone (1R)-(+)-β-pulegone (17.6–76.1%), menthone (7.0–55.8%), piperitone oxide (0–12.4%), piperitone (0–7.4%), piperitenone (0–7.3%), limonene (0.6–7.2%), and terpinen-4-ol (0–6.8%). - [47]
May chang (Pheasant pepper tree) Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers. (synonyms: Litsea citrata Blume, Laurus cubeba Lour.) Lauraceae Fruits Teratogenicity Citral geranial (37.9–40.6%), neral (25.5–33.8%), limonene (8.4–22.6%), and methyl heptenone (0.5–4.4%) 56 mg/day based on 74% citral content [41,48]
Melissa (lemon balm) Melissa officinalis L. Lamiaceae Fresh aerial parts Teratogenicity Citral geranial (12.5–38.3%), neral (9.7–26.1%), β-caryophyllene (0.3–19.1%), citronellal (4.5–13.3%), germacrene D (0–13.0%), caryophyllene oxide (0.8–10.0%), and geraniol (1.0–8.1%) 65 mg/day based on 64% citral content [37,48]
Mugwort (chrysanthenyl acetate CT) Artemisia vulgaris L. Asteraceae Aerial parts slightly neurotoxic Thujone chrysanthenyl acetate (31.7–32.8%) and germacrene D (12.1–15.9%) - [22]
Mugwort or Indian wormwood oil (camphor/thujone CT) Artemisia vulgaris L. Asteraceae Aerial parts of flowering plant Slightly neurotoxic Thujone camphor (20.8%), artemisia alcohol (15.3%), α-thujone (11.4%), β-caryophyllene (10.6%), isoborneol (9.3%), 1,8-cineole (9.0%), and sabinene (6.1%) - [49]
Myrrh (Somalian myrrh) Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl. (synonym: Commiphora molmol Engl.) Burseraceae Dried gum oleoresin Fetotoxic, anti-angiogenic β-Elemene and furanodiene furanoeudesma-1,3-diene (34.0%), furanodiene (19.7%), lindestrene (12.0%), and β-elemene (8.7%) - [50]
Nasturtium (Indian cress) absolute Tropaeolum majus L. Tropaeolaceae Flowers fetal toxicity Benzyl cyanide, benzyl isothiocyanate benzyl isothiocyanate (72.3%), unidentified nitrogen compound (16.0%), and benzyl cyanide (2.0%) - [22]
Nutmeg Myristica fragrans Houtt (Synonyms: Myristica officinalis L. fil., Myristica moschata Thunb., Myristica aromatica O. Schwartz, and Myristica amboinensis Gand.) Myristicaceae Kernels Potentially carcinogenic; reduced fertility Safrole, methyleugenol, myristicin

  • East Indian EO: sabinene (14.0–44.1%), α-pinene (18.0–26.5%), β-pinene (8.7–17.7%), myristicin (3.3–13.5%), terpinen-4-ol (1.0–10.9%), γ-terpinene (1.3–7.7%), linalool (0.2–7.4%), limonene (2.0–7.0%), α-phellandrene (0.4–5.8%) and α-terpinene (0.1–5.2%).

  • West Indian EO: sabinene (42.0–57.0%), α-pinene (1.6–12.6%), β-pinene (7.8–12.1%) and terpinen-4-ol (3.0–6.4%)

 - [32,51]
Orange Champaca (golden champa, champak) absolute Michelia champaca L. Magnoliaceae Flowers Toxic 2-Phenylethanol 2-phenylethanol (25.0–34.0%), methyl linoleate (10.0–18.0%), indole (2.9–12.0%), methyl anthranilate (2.1–9.0%), and methyl benzoate (1.0–5.0%) - [52]
Oregano Origanum onites L. (synonym: Origanum smyrnaeum L.); Origanum vulgare L. subsp. hirtum (Link) Ietswaart (synonym: Origanum compactum, Origanum hirtum Link); and Thymbra capitata (L.) Cav. (synonym: Thymus capitatus L., Coridothymus capitatus L., Satureja capitata L.) Lamiaceae Dried aerial parts of flowering plant embryotoxic Not identified

  • Turkish Origanum onites EO: carvacrol (66.5–80.4%), p-cymene (3.0–10.9%), and γ-terpinene (1.6–8.7%).

  • Greek/Turkish Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum EO: carvacrol (61.6–83.4%), p-cymene (4.9–9.7%), and γ-terpinene (3.8–8.2%).

  • Greek Thymbra capitata EO: carvacrol (81.5–82.3%) and p-cymene (5.8–6.4%).

 - [53,54,55,56]
Parsley leaf Petroselinum crispum Mill (synonym: P. sativum Hoffm., and P. hortenseauct) Apiaceae Leaves abortifacient Parsley apiole Egyptian parsley: p-mentha-1,3,8-triene (6.2–45.2%), β-myrcene (7.8–23.8%), β-phellandrene (6.7–19.5%), myristicin (1.9–8.8%), α-pinene (6.9–7.6%), terpinolene (2.8–6.6%), limonene (3.3–5.4%), α-p-dimethylstyrene (2.7–5.4%), and dill apiole (0.2–5.2%) - [22,57]
Parsley seed Petroselinum crispum Mill Apiaceae Seeds abortifacient Parsley apiole parsley apiole (11.3–67.5%), myristicin (0.7–37.9%), allyltetramethoxybenzene (0.6–29.0%), α-pinene (8.3–16.9%), β-pinene (5.4–10.7%), and elemicin (0–8.8%) - [58]
Pennyroyal Hedeoma pulegioides L. (N. American); Mentha pulegium L. (European) and Micromeria fruticosa L. (Turkish) Lamiaceae Fresh aerial parts abortifacient Pulegone Hedeoma pulegioides: (1R)-(+)-β-pulegone (61.3–82.3%) and isomenthone (0.8–31.0%).
Mentha pulegium: (1R)-(+)-β-pulegone (67.6–86.7%), menthone (1.5–16.0%) and isomenthone (0.8–8.6%).
Micromeria fruticosa: (1R)-(+)-β-pulegone (66.7%) and isomenthone (11.1%).		 - [23]
Plectranthus Plectranthus fruticosus L’Hérit Lamiaceae Leaves embryotoxic, fetotoxic, teratogenic and abortifacient Sabinyl acetate sabinyl acetate (> 60.0%) - [59]
Rue Ruta graveolens L. and Ruta montana Mill Rutaceae Aerial parts abortifacient Not identified

  • Egyptian R. graveolens EO: 2-undecanone (49.2%), 2-nonanone (24.7%), and 2-nonyl acetate (6.2%)

  • Italian R. graveolens EO: 2-undecanone (46.8%) and 2-nonanone (18.8%)

  • Non-volatiles: angelicin (0.043%), methoxsalen (0.032%), isopimpinellin (0.02%), bergapten (0.018%), and psoralen (0.015%)

 - [60,61,62]
Savin Juniperus sabina L. Cupressaceae Leaves and terminal branches embryo-fetotoxic, abortifacient and hepatotoxic trans-Sabinyl acetate trans-sabinyl acetate (19.1–53.1%), sabinene (18.3–40.8%), and elemol (tr–7.0%) - [23]
Sea Wormwood Artemisia maritima L. (synonyms: Artemisia contra Willd. ex Spreng., Artemisia lercheana Kar. and Kir., Artemisia salina Willd., Seriphidium maritimum (L.) Poljakov) Asteraceae Leaves and flowering tops neurotoxic Thujone α-thujone (63.3%), sabinene (7.8%) and 1,8-cineole (6.5%) - [63]
Spanish Lavender (French lavender or maritime lavender) Lavandula stoechas L. ssp. stoechas Lamiaceae Flowering tops neurotoxic Camphor camphor (16.4–56.2%), (+)-fenchone (14.9–49.1%), 1,8-cineole (3.6–14.5%), α-pinene (3.4–4.5%), and camphene (2.8–5.5%) - [64]
Spanish Sage (lavender sage) Salvia lavandulifolia Vahl (synonym: Salvia hispanorum Lag) Lamiaceae Flowering tops abortifacient Sabinyl acetate

  • Flowering tops oil: 1,8-cineole (12.0–40.3%), camphor (12.9–36.1%), α-terpinyl acetate (0.5–15.5%), linalool (0.2–11.2%), α-pinene (4.7–10.9%), camphene (4.6–10.6%), β-pinene (3.3–7.3%), (Z)-sabinyl acetate (0.5–9.0%), borneol (1.5–6.4%), linalyl acetate (0.1–5.8%), and limonene (2.4–5.0%)

  • Aerial parts oil (steam distilled): 1,8-cineole (21.4–33.8%), α-pinene (10.5–17.5%), β-pinene (6.0–17.3%), limonene (5.6–10.4%), camphor (6.1–9.4%), trans-caryophyllene (4.0–8.5%), and myrcene (tr-10.0%).

 - [23,65]
Star anise Illicium verum J.D. Hook. Illiciaceae Fruits reproductive hormone modulation (E)-Anethole (E)-anethole (71.2–91.8%), foeniculin (0.5–14.6%), estragole (0.3–6.6%), and d-limonene (0.7–5.0%) - [23]
Sweet Birch (black birch or southern birch) Betula lenta L. Betulaceae Bark reproductively toxic Methyl salicylate and ethyl salicylate methyl salicylate (90.4%) and ethyl salicylate (5.5%) - [22]
Sweet Fennel Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Apiaceae Seeds Reproductive hormone modulation (E)-Anethole (E)-anethole (58.1–92.5%), d-limonene (0.2–21.0%), fenchone (0.2–8.0%), and estragole (1.1–4.8%) - [23,24]
Tansy Tanacetum vulgare L. (synonyms: Chrysanthemum tanacetum Karsch, and Chrysanthemum vulgare L.) Asteraceae Aerial parts neurotoxic Thujone β-thujone (45.2%), artemisia ketone (10.5%), borneol (7.8%), and bornyl acetate (7.7%) - [22]
Thuja (cedar leaf, white cedar, eastern white cedar, eastern arborvitae, or swamp cedar) Thuja occidentalis L. Cupressaceae Fresh leaves and terminal branches neurotoxic Thujone α-thujone (48.7–51.5%), fenchone (12.2–12.8%) and β-thujone (7.9–9.9%) - [22,66]
Verbena (lemon verbena) Aloysia triphylla L’Hérit (Synonyms: Aloysia citriodora Ortega ex Pers., Lippia citriodora Ortega ex Pers., and Lippia triphylla L’Hérit) Verbenaceae Leaves Teratogenicity Citral geranial (29.5–38.3%), neral (22.9–29.6%), and limonene (5.7–15.4%) 61 mg/day based on 68% citral content [67]
Western red cedar (pacific thuja or western arborvitae) Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don Cupressaceae Needles (leaves) neurotoxic Thujones α-thujone (63.5–84.0%), β-thujone (4.9–15.2%), and sabinene (1.1–8.8%) - [68]
White Wormwood (armoise or desert wormwood) α-thujone/camphor chemotype Artemisia herba-alba Asso Asteraceae Leaves and flowering tops neurotoxic Thujones; camphor camphor (34.0–55.0%), α-thujone (25.7–36.8%), β-thujone (2.0–9.0%), camphene (0.5–9.0%), and 1,8-cineole (1.5–8.0%) - [32,41,69]
Wintergreen Gaultheria fragrantissima Wall. and Gaultheria procumbens L. Ericaceae Leaves high doses are teratogenic Methyl salicylate

  • Nepalese G. fragrantissima: methyl salicylate (97.0–99.5%)

  • Chinese G. procumbens: methyl salicylate (96.0–99.0%)

 - [22]
Wormwood (Absinthe) Artemisia absinthium L. Asteraceae Leaves and flowering tops embryo-fetotoxicity; abortifacient Sabinyl acetate; Thujone

  • β-thujone chemotype: β-thujone (33.1–59.9%), and trans-sabinyl acetate (18.1–32.8%)

  • β-thujone/(Z)-epoxy-ocimene chemotype: (Z)-epoxy-α-ocimene (24.2–28.9%), β-thujone (20.9–21.7%), and chrysanthendiol (5.3–6.6%)

  • (Z)-epoxy-ocimene chemotype: (Z)-epoxy-α-ocimene (25.7–42.2%), chrysanthenyl acetate (9.9–15.6%), and sabinyl acetate (0.3–7.4%)

  • sabinyl acetate chemotype: sabinyl acetate (31.5%), neryl isovalerate (9.1%), neryl butyrate (7.9%), and chrysanthenyl acetate (5.8%)

 - [23,39]
Zedoary (white turmeric, hidden ginger) Curcuma zedoaria Roscoe Zingiberaceae Rhizome antifertility; embryotoxicity, antigestational and abortifacient Not identified epicurzerene (19.0–46.6%), curzerene (10.4%), curdione (7.0–19.6%), curzerenone (22.3–31.6%), debromofiliforminol (31.5%), 1,8-cineole (18.5–40.8%), β-sesquiphellandrene (21.5%), p-cymene (18.4%), curcumenene (18.7%), and α-phellandrene (14.9%) - [66,70,71,72,73]