Table 1.
Maternal and offspring characteristics.
| Parameter | N | Controls | PGDM-Exposed | Diet-Exposed | Combination -Exposed |
Diabetes (P Value) |
Diet (P Value) |
Interaction (P Value) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dams | Baseline wt., g | 5–10 | 152 ± 3 | 170 ± 20 | 149 ± 5 | 174 ± 12 | 0.057 | 0.973 | 0.771 |
| Post-diet wt., g | 217 ± 8 | 219 ± 11 | 224 ± 7 | 237 ± 7 | 0.370 | 0.150 | 0.505 | ||
| Glucose, mg/dL | 94 ± 5 | ^349 ± 21 | 94 ± 2 | ^413 ± 27 | N/A | N/A | 0.049 | ||
| Ketones, mmol/L | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.0 | ^2.4 ± 0.3 | N/A | N/A | <0.0001 | ||
| Insulin need, units | 0 ± 0 | +85 ± 13 | 0 ± 0 | +115 ± 14 | <0.0001 | 0.120 | 0.120 | ||
| TG, mg/dL | 70 ± 10 | 63 ± 7 | *161 ± 25 | *383 ± 115 | 0.075 | 0.002 | 0.060 | ||
| Litter size, pups | 14 ± 1 | 12 ± 1 | 13 ± 2 | 13 ± 1 | 0.508 | 0.894 | 0.508 | ||
| Perinatal mortality rate, % | 5–9 | 2.9 ± 1.9 | 12.0 ± 3.1 | *15.4 ± 5.7 | *19.3 ± 2.5 | 0.097 | 0.014 | 0.491 | |
| Cohort 1 (Males) | P1 weight, g | 32–66 | 6.3 ± 0.1 | ^6.9 ± 0.1 | 6.4 ± 0.1 | 6.3 ± 0.2 | N/A | N/A | 0.02 |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 24–37 | 91.4 ± 2.6 | +76.5 ± 2.1 | *94.6 ± 4.9 | +*90.5 ± 2.5 | 0.007 | 0.015 | 0.124 | |
| Insulin, pg/mL | 5 | 756 ± 168 | +4505 ± 1113 | 1062 ± 295 | +5201 ± 1709 | 0.002 | 0.635 | 0.853 | |
| C-peptide, pg/mL | 5 | 2864 ± 616 | +6150 ± 690 | 2660 ± 1149 | +3419 ± 768 | 0.027 | 0.097 | 0.148 | |
| 1TG, mg/dL | 5–6 | 108 ± 11 | 110 ± 21 | 129 ± 18 | 138 ± 24 | 0.776 | 0.219 | 0.844 | |
| Parameter | N |
Controls
Females Males |
PGDM-Exposed
Females Males |
Diabetes
(P Value) |
Sex
(P Value) |
Interaction
(P Value) |
|||
| Cohort 2 | P1 weight, g | 46–80 | 6.0 ± 0.9 | 6.3 ± 0.1 | +6.5 ± 0.1 | +6.9 ± 0.1 | <0.0001 | 0.012 | 0.726 |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 46–80 | 83.3 ± 2.1 | 88.3 ± 2.1 | +78.4 ± 3.0 | +84.0 ± 2.4 | 0.018 | 0.068 | 0.763 | |
| 1Insulin, pg/mL | 4–5 | 1625 ± 358 | 1263 ± 376 | +4102 ± 1179 | +3606 ± 788 | 0.002 | 0.558 | 0.927 | |
| 1C-peptide, pg/mL | 4–5 | 2723 ± 376 | 2467 ± 362 | +4277 ± 768 | +4937 ± 879 | 0.003 | 0.745 | 0.463 | |
| 1TG, mg/dL | 5–6 | 138 ± 13 | 108 ± 11 | 94 ± 19 | 110 ± 21 | 0.212 | 0.682 | 0.179 | |
1 Pooled serum samples from both cohorts. Perinatal mortality was calculated from both cohorts. TG, triglycerides; P1, perinatal day one; N/A, not applicable; PGDM, pregestational diabetes mellitus. Insulin need was from gestational day (GD)0 to GD22. Significant differences (p ≤ 0.05): + diabetes or * diet effect by 2-way ANOVA, ^ group effect remained significant by 1-way ANOVA and Dunnett post hoc test when significant interaction by 2-way ANOVA. Bold highlight significant differences. Sex-specific differences are indicated by p-value but are unmarked.