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The four independent risk factors in the final model were illustrated in a forest plot and selected for developing the scoring system, including nutritional risk index, C-reactive protein, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase. The assignment of points to each variable was based on the corresponding β regression coefficient. Each variable’s coefficient was divided by 0.580 (the lowest β value, corresponding to lactate dehydrogenase) and rounded to the nearest integer.
