Table 1.
Patient Characteristics
| Variables | DCM (n=40,537) |
HCM (n=3,553) |
RCM (n=46) |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age at enrollment (years) | 59 [49–68] | 64 [53–73] | 54 [41–68] | <0.001 |
| Age at diagnosis (years) | 54 [44–63] | 55 [42–64] | 42 [28–63] | 0.044 |
| Male sex | 30,230 (74.6) | 2,087 (58.7) | 28 (60.9) | <0.001 |
| NYHA functional class | ||||
| I | 9,084 (23.8) | 873 (27.1) | 2 (4.7) | <0.001 |
| II | 18,845 (49.3) | 1,986 (61.6) | 16 (37.2) | <0.001 |
| III | 7,649 (20.0) | 319 (9.9) | 17 (39.5) | <0.001 |
| IV | 2,628 (6.9) | 45 (1.4) | 8 (18.6) | <0.001 |
| Family history | ||||
| Cardiomyopathy | 568 (3.5) | 709 (20.0) | 6 (17.1) | <0.001 |
| Sudden cardiac death | 405 (2.5) | 231 (6.5) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 |
| Vital signs | ||||
| SBP (mmHg) | 120.6±20.7 | 121.3±20.0 | 104.5±16.1 | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 73.8±15.2 | 70.7±13.9 | 62.7±11.3 | <0.001 |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 78.4±19.4 | 68.4±25.0 | 74.4±13.7 | <0.001 |
| Laboratory data | ||||
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.9±1.9 | 13.7±1.8 | 12.7±2.3 | <0.001 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 4.1±0.5 | 4.1±0.5 | 4.0±0.5 | 0.010 |
| AST (U/L) | 24.0 [19.0–32.0] | 25.0 [20.0–31.0] | 27.0 [22.0–34.0] | <0.001 |
| ALT (U/L) | 23.0 [16.0–36.0] | 21.0 [15.0–31.0] | 21.0 [14.0–25.0] | <0.001 |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 19.8±15.0 | 20.0±17.6 | 25.5±15.1 | 0.040 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.90 [0.74–1.09] | 0.87 [0.71–1.05] | 1.00 [0.83–1.30] | <0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 69.1±95.4 | 64.0±21.2 | 58.7±25.2 | 0.007 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 6.7±2.0 | 6.1±1.7 | 7.8±2.3 | <0.001 |
| Sodium (mEq/L) | 140.3±3.2 | 140.6±3.0 | 137.1±5.5 | <0.001 |
| BNP (pg/mL) | 143.0 [39.1–486.0] | 241.8 [106.0–511.0] | 416.0 [184.8–826.0] | <0.001 |
| Electrocardiographic findings | ||||
| Atrial fibrillation | 9,218 (22.7) | 971 (27.3) | 23 (50.0) | <0.001 |
| Pacing | 1,012 (2.5) | 180 (5.1) | 3 (6.5) | <0.001 |
| Biventricular pacing | 173 (0.4) | 26 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 |
| Echocardiographic findings | ||||
| LVEF (%) | 38.0±15.0 | 62.5±15.6 | 55.2±15.4 | <0.001 |
| LVDd (mm) | 60.2±9.6 | 46.1±8.8 | 47.4±9.4 | <0.001 |
| LVDs (mm) | 49.0±11.6 | 29.8±9.8 | 33.8±10.3 | <0.001 |
| IVS (mm) | 9.3±2.2 | 16.0±5.3 | 10.4±5.0 | <0.001 |
| LVPW (mm) | 9.5±2.1 | 11.7±3.3 | 10.3±3.2 | <0.001 |
| MR Grade III–IV | 4,088 (13.9) | 225 (8.9) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 |
| Medication | ||||
| β-blockers | 28,069 (69.2) | 1,989 (56.8) | 27 (64.3) | <0.001 |
| ACEi/ARB | 30,712 (75.8) | 1,761 (49.6) | 27 (58.7) | <0.001 |
| MRA | 12,734 (31.4) | 554 (15.6) | 10 (21.7) | <0.001 |
| Loop diuretics | 27,383 (70.3) | 956 (26.9) | 13 (28.3) | <0.001 |
| Thiazides | 899 (2.3) | 150 (4.2) | 1 (2.2) | <0.001 |
| Digitalis | 11,728 (28.9) | 139 (3.9) | 8 (17.4) | <0.001 |
| Amiodarone | 4,217 (10.5) | 431 (12.2) | 5 (10.9) | <0.001 |
| Oral inotropes | 1,950 (4.8) | 42 (4.0) | 6 (13.0) | <0.001 |
Unless specified otherwise, data are given as n (%), the mean±SD, or as the median [interquartile range]. ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DCM, dilated cardiomyopathy; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HCM, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; IVS, interventricular septal thickness; LVDd, left ventricular diastolic diameter; LVDs, left ventricular systolic diameter; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVPW, left ventricular posterior wall thickness; MR, mitral regurgitation; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists; NYHA, New York Heart Association; RCM, restrictive cardiomyopathy; SBP, systolic blood pressure.