. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jul 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Autism Dev Disord. 2021 Jul;51(7):2200–2217. doi: 10.1007/s10803-020-04639-5

Table 3.

Mixed-effects model results for Number of Moves, Planning Time, and Execution Time performance on the Tower of London.

Outcome Measure	Predictor	b	t	p
Number of Moves
Reference: NST
	Group – ASD vs. TD	−0.036	−0.56	0.58
	ConditionNST-AST	0.267	4.57	<.001^***
	ConditionNST-MST	0.162	3.42	<.001^***
	Language	−0.000	−0.15	0.88
	Visual RT	0.042	2.00	0.05
	Group^*ConditionNST-AST	−0.004	−0.03	0.98
	Group^*ConditionNST-MST	0.105	1.10	0.27
	Group^*Language	0.003	0.86	0.39
	ConditionNST-AST ^*Language	−0.004	−1.30	0.20
	ConditionNST-MST ^*Language	0.003	1.09	0.28
	Group^* ConditionNST-AST ^*Language	0.010	1.59	0.12
	Group^* ConditionNST-MST ^*Language	−0.001	−0.12	0.91
Reference: MST
	Group – ASD vs. TD	0.068	0.86	0.39
	ConditionMST-AST	0.105	1.66	0.10
	^†ConditionMST-NST	−0.162	−3.42	<.001^***
	Language	0.002	1.19	0.24
	Visual RT	0.042	1.97	0.05
	Group^*ConditionMST-AST	−0.108	−0.86	0.40
	^†Group^*ConditionMST-NST	−0.105	1.10	0.27
	Group^*Language	0.002	0.55	0.58
	ConditionMST-AST ^*Language	−0.007	−2.02	<.05^*
	^†ConditionMST-NST ^*Language	−0.003	−1.09	0.28
	Group^* ConditionMST-AST ^*Language	0.010	1.55	0.13
	^†Group^* ConditionMST-NST ^*Language	0.001	0.12	0.91

Planning Time
Reference: NST
	Group – ASD vs. TD	−0.282	−1.82	0.07
	ConditionNST-AST	−0.103	−1.45	0.15
	ConditionNST-MST	0.186	2.28	<.05^*
	Language	0.004	1.08	0.29
	Visual RT	0.051	1.08	0.28
	Group^*ConditionNST-AST	0.137	0.96	0.34
	Group^*ConditionNST-MST	0.214	1.31	0.19
	Group^*Language	−0.008	−1.05	0.30
	ConditionNST-AST ^*Language	0.001	0.17	0.86
	ConditionNST-MST ^*Language	0.004	0.90	0.37
	Group^* ConditionNST-AST ^*Language	0.003	0.47	0.64
	Group^* ConditionNST-MST ^*Language	0.010	1.15	0.26

Reference: MST
	Group – ASD vs. TD	−0.068	−0.51	0.61
	ConditionMST-AST	−0.289	−4.37	<.001^***

	^†ConditionMST-NST	−0.186	−2.28	<.05^*
	Language	0.008	2.34	<.05^*
	Visual RT	0.051	1.08	0.28
	Group^*ConditionMST-AST	−0.077	−0.58	0.56
	^†Group^*ConditionMST-NST	−0.214	−1.31	0.19
	Group^*Language	0.001	0.18	0.86
	ConditionMST-AST ^*Language	−0.003	−0.92	0.36
	^†ConditionMST-NST ^*Language	−0.004	−0.90	0.37
	Group^* ConditionMST-AST ^*Language	−0.006	−0.91	0.37
	^†Group^* ConditionMST-NST ^*Language	−0.010	−1.15	0.26

Execution Time
Reference: NST
	Group – ASD vs. TD	−0.063	−0.56	0.58
	ConditionNST-AST	0.395	4.95	<.001^***

	ConditionNST-MST	0.625	8.80	<.001^***
	Language	−0.001	−0.44	0.66
	Visual RT	0.142	3.57	<.001^***

	Group^*ConditionNST-AST	−0.123	−0.77	0.44
	Group^*ConditionNST-MST	0.060	0.42	0.68
	Group^*Language	0.005	0.82	0.41
	ConditionNST-AST ^*Language	−0.003	−0.73	0.47
	ConditionNST-MST ^*Language	0.004	0.96	0.34
	Group^* ConditionNST-AST ^*Language	0.010	1.19	0.24
	Group^* ConditionNST-MST ^*Language	−0.004	−0.58	0.56

Reference: MST
	Group – ASD vs. TD	−0.003	−0.02	0.98
	ConditionMST-AST	−0.229	−2.45	<.05^*
	^†ConditionMST-NST	−0.625	−8.80	<.001^***
	Language	0.002	0.63	0.53
	Visual RT	0.142	3.57	<.001^***
	Group^*ConditionMST-AST	−0.183	−0.98	0.33
	^†Group^*ConditionMST-NST	−0.060	−0.42	0.68
	Group^*Language	0.001	0.07	0.94
	ConditionMST-AST ^*Language	−0.007	−1.35	0.18
	^†ConditionMST-NST ^*Language	−0.004	−0.96	0.34
	Group^* ConditionMST-AST ^*Language	0.014	1.45	0.15
	^†Group^* ConditionMST-NST ^*Language	0.004	0.58	0.56

Note: NST = No-Secondary Task Condition; AST = Articulatory Suppression Secondary Task Condition; MST = Motor Suppression Secondary Task Condition; Reference = reference condition in the statistical model; ASD = Autism Spectrum Disorder; TD = Typically Developing; Language = Core Language standard scores from the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals, 4^th edition; Visual RT = Visual reaction time on baseline task.

^†

multiple comparison, not interpreted in results;

p<.05;

^**

p<.01;

^***

p<.001.