Table 2.
Multivariable logistic regression identifying factors associated with hypertension control, among middle-aged UK adults on antihypertensive treatment (N=99 468)
| Age and sex adjusted | Multivariable adjusted | ||||||||
| Coefficient | Level | n* | % controlled† | OR | 95% CI | P value | OR | 95% CI | P value |
| Age group, years | 40–49 | 7717 | 46.4 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 50–59 | 27 823 | 42.1 | 0.84 | (0.80 to 0.88) | <0.001 | 0.82 | (0.78 to 0.86) | <0.001 | |
| 60–69 | 63 928 | 35.4 | 0.64 | (0.61 to 0.67) | <0.001 | 0.61 | (0.58 to 0.64) | <0.001 | |
| Gender | Female | 45 607 | 40.1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Male | 53 861 | 36.5 | 0.87 | (0.84 to 0.89) | <0.001 | 0.92 | (0.89 to 0.95) | <0.001 | |
| Ethnic group | White | 92 385 | 38.0 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Black | 2362 | 35.7 | 0.80 | (0.73 to 0.87) | <0.001 | 0.73 | (0.65 to 0.82) | <0.001 | |
| S.Asian | 2118 | 44.4 | 1.24 | (1.14 to 1.35) | <0.001 | 1.04 | (0.92 to 1.18) | 0.552 | |
| Mixed | 458 | 39.1 | 0.96 | (0.80 to 1.16) | 0.677 | 0.86 | (0.71 to 1.04) | 0.126 | |
| Other | 1641 | 42.8 | 1.11 | (1.01 to 1.23) | 0.039 | 0.96 | (0.85 to 1.09) | 0.531 | |
| Townsend Deprivation Index, quintiles‡ | Q1: Least deprived | 19 899 | 36.2 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Q2 | 19 850 | 36.9 | 1.03 | (0.99 to 1.07) | 0.197 | 1.02 | (0.98 to 1.06) | 0.364 | |
| Q3 | 19 861 | 36.9 | 1.02 | (0.98 to 1.06) | 0.395 | 1.01 | (0.96 to 1.05) | 0.783 | |
| Q4 | 19 868 | 38.9 | 1.09 | (1.05 to 1.14) | <0.001 | 1.07 | (1.02 to 1.11) | 0.003 | |
| Q5: Most deprived | 19 869 | 41.8 | 1.21 | (1.16 to 1.26) | <0.001 | 1.15 | (1.10 to 1.20) | <0.001 | |
| Household income, GBP | Greater than 100 000 | 2529 | 41.2 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 52 000 to 1 00 000 | 11 039 | 39.6 | 0.92 | (0.85 to 1.01) | 0.080 | 0.91 | (0.83 to 1.00) | 0.041 | |
| 31 000 to 51 999 | 18 368 | 37.9 | 0.89 | (0.82 to 0.97) | 0.009 | 0.86 | (0.79 to 0.94) | <0.001 | |
| 18 000 to 30 999 | 23 956 | 37.2 | 0.91 | (0.84 to 0.99) | 0.029 | 0.84 | (0.77 to 0.91) | <0.001 | |
| Less than 18 000 | 26 443 | 38.6 | 0.98 | (0.90 to 1.07) | 0.629 | 0.82 | (0.75 to 0.90) | <0.001 | |
| Occupation category§ | Professional and administrative | 33 464 | 39.9 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Skilled trades | 4232 | 33.9 | 0.83 | (0.77 to 0.88) | <0.001 | 0.86 | (0.80 to 0.92) | <0.001 | |
| Services | 5078 | 40.2 | 0.97 | (0.92 to 1.03) | 0.378 | 0.96 | (0.91 to 1.03) | 0.263 | |
| Manual and Industrial | 6443 | 35.8 | 0.88 | (0.83 to 0.93) | <0.001 | 0.88 | (0.83 to 0.93) | <0.001 | |
| Other employment | 3118 | 38.3 | 0.96 | (0.89 to 1.03) | 0.246 | 0.99 | (0.91 to 1.06) | 0.708 | |
| Retired | 37 081 | 35.5 | 0.93 | (0.90 to 0.97) | <0.001 | 0.93 | (0.90 to 0.97) | <0.001 | |
| Unable to work because of sickness or disability | 5304 | 48.5 | 1.39 | (1.31 to 1.48) | <0.001 | 1.07 | (1.00 to 1.14) | 0.043 | |
| Unemployed/unanswered | 4748 | 39.8 | 0.94 | (0.88 to 1.00) | 0.041 | 0.91 | (0.85 to 0.97) | 0.004 | |
| Highest level of education (ISCED)¶ | 5: Tertiary | 38 924 | 38.7 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 4: Postsecondary non-tertiary | 12 224 | 38.0 | 0.99 | (0.95 to 1.03) | 0.648 | 0.99 | (0.95 to 1.04) | 0.775 | |
| 2–3: Secondary | 20 635 | 38.6 | 0.98 | (0.95 to 1.02) | 0.271 | 0.99 | (0.95 to 1.02) | 0.438 | |
| 1: Primary | 25 606 | 36.9 | 0.98 | (0.95 to 1.01) | 0.275 | 0.94 | (0.91 to 0.98) | 0.002 | |
| Country of birth, by income level** | UK | 90 845 | 37.9 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Other high income | 2292 | 41.1 | 1.11 | (1.02 to 1.20) | 0.020 | 1.10 | (1.01 to 1.20) | 0.038 | |
| Middle income | 5108 | 39.9 | 1.02 | (0.96 to 1.08) | 0.470 | 1.02 | (0.93 to 1.12) | 0.689 | |
| Low income | 1223 | 42.4 | 1.11 | (0.99 to 1.24) | 0.078 | 1.05 | (0.91 to 1.21) | 0.512 | |
| UK country of residence†† | England | 88 122 | 38.5 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Scotland | 7109 | 35.4 | 0.87 | (0.83 to 0.91) | <0.001 | 0.86 | (0.82 to 0.91) | <0.001 | |
| Wales | 4237 | 35.4 | 0.86 | (0.80 to 0.92) | <0.001 | 0.87 | (0.82 to 0.93) | <0.001 | |
| BMI (categorical)‡‡ | Underweight | 197 | 56.9 | 1.76 | (1.32 to 2.34) | <0.001 | 1.65 | (1.24 to 2.20) | <0.001 |
| Normal (ref) | 17 206 | 41.7 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Overweight | 41 574 | 36.9 | 0.84 | (0.81 to 0.87) | <0.001 | 0.82 | (0.79 to 0.85) | <0.001 | |
| Obese | 39 887 | 37.7 | 0.84 | (0.81 to 0.87) | <0.001 | 0.73 | (0.71 to 0.76) | <0.001 | |
| Smoking status | Never | 48 974 | 37.7 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Previous | 40 595 | 37.5 | 1.06 | (1.03 to 1.09) | <0.001 | 1.08 | (1.05 to 1.11) | <0.001 | |
| Current | 9254 | 43.1 | 1.26 | (1.21 to 1.32) | <0.001 | 1.24 | (1.19 to 1.30) | <0.001 | |
| Alcohol units per week (categorical) | None reported | 34 563 | 42.2 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Less than 5 units | 8024 | 39.0 | 0.89 | (0.85 to 0.94) | <0.001 | 0.94 | (0.89 to 0.99) | 0.014 | |
| 5–10 units | 14 028 | 38.8 | 0.88 | (0.85 to 0.92) | <0.001 | 0.92 | (0.88 to 0.96) | <0.001 | |
| 10–20 units | 19 633 | 37.2 | 0.83 | (0.80 to 0.86) | <0.001 | 0.85 | (0.82 to 0.89) | <0.001 | |
| 20–30 units | 10 680 | 34.2 | 0.73 | (0.69 to 0.76) | <0.001 | 0.75 | (0.71 to 0.78) | <0.001 | |
| More than 30 units | 12 540 | 30.3 | 0.60 | (0.58 to 0.63) | <0.001 | 0.61 | (0.58 to 0.64) | <0.001 | |
| Weekly physical activity§§ | High (METs >1200) | 46 106 | 37.2 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Low (METs ≤1200) | 31 134 | 40.1 | 1.11 | (1.08 to 1.15) | <0.001 | 1.06 | (1.03 to 1.09) | <0.001 | |
| No of antihypertensive medications | 1 | 48 501 | 37.0 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 2 | 33 678 | 39.4 | 1.14 | (1.11 to 1.18) | <0.001 | 1.15 | (1.12 to 1.19) | <0.001 | |
| ≥3 | 13 836 | 39.8 | 1.19 | (1.14 to 1.24) | <0.001 | 1.17 | (1.13 to 1.22) | <0.001 | |
| Medication list unavailable | 3453 | 35.2 | 0.93 | (0.87 to 1.00) | 0.064 | 0.91 | (0.85 to 0.98) | 0.014 | |
| Family history of CVD | No | 34 301 | 37.1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 65 167 | 38.7 | 1.08 | (1.05 to 1.11) | <0.001 | 1.04 | (1.01 to 1.07) | 0.004 | |
| Ever screened for bowel cancer | Yes | 38 886 | 38.0 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| No | 58 407 | 38.2 | 0.90 | (0.87 to 0.92) | <0.001 | 0.92 | (0.90 to 0.95) | <0.001 | |
| No of comorbidities¶¶ | 0 | 44 968 | 31.8 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 1 | 36 901 | 41.3 | 1.54 | (1.50 to 1.58) | <0.001 | 1.52 | (1.48 to 1.57) | <0.001 | |
| 2 | 13 583 | 46.8 | 1.95 | (1.87 to 2.02) | <0.001 | 1.89 | (1.81 to 1.97) | <0.001 | |
| ≥3 | 4016 | 50.5 | 2.21 | (2.07 to 2.36) | <0.001 | 2.09 | (1.95 to 2.23) | <0.001 | |
*The number of individuals in levels of a categorical variable may not add up to total n because ‘Do not know’ and ‘Prefer not to answer’ categories have been removed from results table.
†Hypertension control was defined as mean systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg or mean diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg at baseline assessment, among treated hypertensives.
‡The Townsend index is a measure of material deprivation calculated at the level of census output areas.
§Occupation categories have been condensed from those recorded in UKB. Professional and administrative: managers and senior officials, professional occupations, associate professional and technical occupations, administrative and secretarial occupations. Skilled trades: skilled trades occupations. Services: personal service occupations, sales and customer service occupations. Manual and industrial: process, plant and machine operatives, elementary occupations. Other employment: free text entry that was not coded by UKB.
¶Self-reported highest education achieved was mapped to the ISCED categories.
**Self-reported country of birth was mapped to the World Bank Analytical Classifications for calendar year 2010.
††The assessment centre the participant attended was used as a proxy for country of residence.
‡‡BMI has been categorised as: underweight <18.5 kg/m2; normal 18.5–24.9 kg/m2; overweight 25.0–29.9 kg/m2; obese ≥30.0 kg/m2.
§§The total MET minutes per week is based on self-reported frequency and duration of walking, moderate and vigorous activity, and was then dichotomised based on WHO physical activity guideline thresholds.
¶¶The conditions of interest that counted towards number of comorbidities were: CVD, diabetes, arrhythmia (afib/flutter), asthma or COPD, migraines, epilepsy, anxiety, depression, osteoarthritis, other joint disorder.
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; ISCED, International Standard Classification of Education; MET, metabolic equivalent task; UKB, UK Biobank.