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. 2021 Feb 23;10(6):1955–1963. doi: 10.1002/cam4.3732

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© 2021 The Authors. Cancer Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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A sub‐analysis of biomarkers into exploratory and validated biomarkers, respectively. The performance of Markov models using each of these biomarkers as covariates is depicted alongside Markov models that do not look at biomarkers. Clinical studies with exploratory biomarkers outperform clinical trials with no biomarkers. Total study sample size of 748 drugs was segmented into: no biomarker (n = 555 drugs), validated biomarker (n = 80) and exploratory biomarker‐based drugs (n = 113). Bars are 95% CI.