FIGURE 1.

AMPK activation reduces mRNA abundance of TGF‐β1 in human gastric cancer cells. A, SGC‐7901 and SGC‐7901‐LKB1 cells were treated with metformin (10 mM) for different time and quantification of TGF‐β1 mRNA was conducted using qPCR. Relative expression was normalized with GAPDH. B, SGC‐7901‐LKB1 cells were treated with metformin (10 mM) or berberine (5 µM) for 4 hours, followed with or without TGF‐β1 (1 ng/mL) for an additional hour. TGF‐β1 mRNA was prepared and quantified as for A. C, MKN‐28 cells were treated with metformin or berberine, followed with or without TGF‐β1, and mRNA quantified as described for B. All assays were performed in triplicates ((mean ± SD, n = 3). One‐way ANOVA was used to assess significance. *P < .05, **P < .01. ***P < .001