FIGURE 2.

AMPK activation attenuates TGF‐β1 expression in human gastric cancer cells. A, SGC‐7901 and SGC‐7901‐LKB1 cells were treated with metformin (10 mM) for different time and cell extracts blotted with antibodies as indicated. A representative blot of three independent experiments is presented. B‐D, Western blots of A were scanned and densitometric unit ratio plotted. E, MKN‐28 cells were treated with metformin (10 mM) or berberine (5 µM) for 4 hours and cell extracts immunoblotted with antibodies as indicated. F, Western blots of E were scanned and densitometric unit ratio was plotted. G, SGC‐7901 and SGC‐7901‐LKB1 were treated with or without metformin or berberine for 8 hours and TGF‐β1 was measured in cell‐culture supernatant. All experiments were performed in triplicates or three times independently (mean ± SD). One‐way ANOVA was used to assess significance of difference, *P < .05, **P < .01, ***P < .001