TABLE 2.
Plasma cytokine concentrations before and after first, second, and third HBOT
| First HBO2 | Second HBO2 | Third HBO2 | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pg/ml | Before | After | MD | p (Adj.) | Before | After | MD | p (Adj.) | Before | After | MD | p (Adj.) | |
| All patients (n = 209) | IL‐1β | 0.66 (0.23–1.23) | 0.68 (0.24–1.45) | −0.05 (−0.19 to 0.07) | .55 | 0.37 (0.14–0.91) | 0.39 (0.14–0.93) | 0.01 (−0.11 to 0.14) | .78 | 0.39 (0.17–0.85) | 0.41 (0.19–1.01) | 0.05 (−0.08 to 0.19) | .53 |
| TNF‐α | 31.8 (18.2–55.8) | 30.4 (18.4–50.2) | −1.0 (−2.6 to 0.5) | .46 | 22.3 (14.8–40.5) | 23.1 (13.9–40.5) | −0.2 (−1.4 to 1.0) | .77 | 19.2 (10.8–30.9) | 17.5 (12.6–30.0) | 0.5 (−0.5 to 1.7) | .47 | |
| IL‐6 | 84.4 (37.1–237.6) | 87.1 (39.2–216.7) | 7.5 (2.4–15.1) | .008 | 47.1 (25.2–113.3) | 45.0 (22.0–119.1) | −3.2 (−5.9 to −1.1) | .01 | 27.8 (13.4–53.2) | 25.4 (13.1–53.3) | −0.8 (−2.0 to 0.5) | .46 | |
| IL‐10 | 3.7 (0.3–11.7) | 3.0 (0.5–11.4) | −0.8 (−1.7 to −0.2) | .12 | 0.8 (0.3–4.3) | 1.2 (0.3–4.5) | 0.2 (−0.4 to 0.8) | .68 | 0.3 (0.2–2.7) | 0.3 (0.2–2.4) | 0.3 (−0.3 to 1.1) | .47 | |
| G‐CSF | 21.2 (2.9–179.8) | 19.2 (3.0–118.9) | −22.5 (−46.6 to −10.5) | <.001 | 5.9 (1.3–51.8) | 5.7 (1.3–36.3) | −20.4 (−37.5 to −8.6) | <.001 | 2.7 (0.9–6.2) | 2.7 (1.0–6.7) | −2.6 (−10.1 to 1.7) | .47 | |
| Streptococcus Group A (n = 51) | IL‐1β | 0.81 (0.40–1.69) | 0.78 (0.19–1.79) | −0.36 (−0.70 to −0.05) | .049 | 0.31 (0.12–0.80) | 0.55 (0.16–0.83) | 0.06 (−0.23 to 0.39) | .67 | 0.28 (0.12–0.77) | 0.40 (0.12–0.83) | 0.08 (−0.16 to 0.35) | .51 |
| TNF‐α | 39.3 (26.2–64.1) | 36.6 (24.6–64.5) | −1.3 (−4.3 to 1.5) | .48 | 29.7 (17.4–50.7) | 29.0 (17.3–51.7) | 1.5 (−2.5 to 4.7) | .49 | 19.7 (14.7–34.1) | 23.7 (14.8–35.7) | 1.6 (−2.0 to 5.8) | .50 | |
| IL‐6 | 184.3 (60.6–595.7) | 172.6 (45.2–454.9) | −29.5 (−79.9 to −8.0) | .01 | 49.7 (25.2–162.0) | 45.7 (22.1–136.5) | −7.6 (−26.0 to −2.4) | .01 | 19.9 (12.1–35.9) | 18.2 (10.8–21.3) | −2.1 (−4.2 to −0.5) | .03 | |
| IL‐10 | 5.5 (1.5–17.8) | 5.8 (1.3–18.6) | −1.0 (−3.3 to 0.3) | .22 | 1.3 (0.3–4.6) | 2.3 (0.7–4.7) | 0.3 (−1.5 to 1.7) | .79 | 0.3 (0.2–1.6) | 1.3 (0.3–2.6) | 1.4 (−0.3 to 3.3) | .18 | |
| G‐CSF | 261.7 (38.7–1778.5) | 127.3 (26.3–1771.0) | −106.9 (−346.7 to −35.6) | .003 | 79.0 (12.8–185.9) | 45.3 (8.7–159.6) | −51.4 (−101.1 to −25.6) | .002 | 4.7 (2.0–62.0) | 4.7 (1.8–33.4) | −10.9 (−25.8 to −1.9) | .04 | |
| Anaerobic (n = 78) | IL‐1β | 0.68 (0.23–1.31) | 0.78 (0.32–1.60) | 0.03 (−0.17 to 0.25) | .68 | 0.55 (0.21–1.18) | 0.40 (0.21–0.97) | −0.12 (−0.33 to 0.06) | .61 | 0.51 (0.16–1.08) | 0.44 (0.22–1.16) | 0.10 (−0.2 to 0.38) | .58 |
| TNF‐α | 34.3 (20.6–54.4) | 29.3 (18.5–55.8) | −3.0 (−6.0 to −0.4) | .13 | 21.03 (15.7–37.4) | 23.8 (15.0–39.3) | −0.67 (−2.8 to 1.4) | .78 | 17.9 (9.5–30.7) | 17.5 (10.4–27.8) | 0.91 (−0.8 to 4.8) | .46 | |
| IL‐6 | 84.0 (37.1–202.4) | 75.2 (35.6–174.4) | −6.8 (−18.7 to 0.1) | .18 | 43.0 (26.1–81.6) | 49.5 (23.3–73.6) | −2.0 (−5.3 to 1.0) | .39 | 26.7 (13.4–40.1) | 23.7 (15.7–44.1) | 1.0 (−1.2 to 3.9) | .56 | |
| IL‐10 | 3.9 (0.3–18.5) | 3.2 (0.3–13.5) | −1.8 (−4.6 to −0.3) | .13 | 0.52 (0.2–3.7) | 0.9 (0.3–2.5) | 0.57 (−0.3 to 1.6) | .39 | 0.3 (0.2–2.4) | 0.3 (0.2–2.4) | 0.4 (−0.7 to 2.9) | .61 | |
| G‐CSF | 22.6 (2.5–79.3) | 16.3 (3.1–69.5) | −10.6 (−24.5 to 0.4) | .18 | 4.9 (1.2–24.5) | 4.3 (1.3–21.1) | −4.7 (−14.1 to 1.3) | .25 | 2.5 (0.9–4.9) | 2.5 (1.0–5.9) | 6.9 (0.2–20.2) | .12 | |
Concentrations shown in pg/ml. Values presented for all HBO2‐treated patients (1 treatment: n = 209; 2 treatments: n = 190 and 3 treatments: n = 164 patients) sub‐groups of patients with presence of either Group A‐Streptococcus (1 treatment; n = 51. 2 treatments; n = 45 and 3 treatments; n = 36) or anaerobic species (1 treatment; n = 78. 2 treatments; n = 70 and 3 treatments; n = 61), in tissue and/or blood. Data are presented as group medians and interquartile range. Paired analyses (before/after HBO2) with median differences (95% CI) evaluated by Wilcoxon Signed‐Rank Test with Benjamini–Hochberg adjusted p‐values due to multiple comparisons.
Abbreviation: MD, Median difference.