Fig. 1.

Overview of the evaluated concentration methods. Wastewater samples were collected from several wastewater treatment plants across Houston in sample collection bottles and immediately spiked with BCoV (top). The samples were then concentrated through several methods: a) direct extraction, b) HA filtration with bead beating, c) HA filtration with elution, d) PEG precipitation, and e) ultrafiltration. All concentrated samples subsequently underwent RNA extraction. Samples undergoing direct extraction were not concentrated and instead were directly extracted from the liquid phase of the wastewater samples.