Table 1.
Unadjusted Prevalence of Sociodemographics, Clinical Characteristics, and Adverse Childhood Experiences by Early Breastfeeding Status 2 Weeks Postpartum (N = 926)
| Characteristic | Overall, N (%) | Any breastfeeding, N = 854 (92.2%), N (%) | pa | Exclusive breastfeeding, N = 582 (62.9%), N (%) | Mixed breastfeeding/formula, N = 272 (29.4%), N (%) | Formula only, N = 72 (7.8%), N (%) | pb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | |||||||
| 18–25 | 125 (13.5) | 109 (87.2) | 0.07 | 75 (60.0) | 34 (27.2) | 16 (12.8) | 0.07 |
| 26–35 | 635 (68.6) | 589 (92.8) | 410 (64.6) | 179 (28.2) | 46 (7.2) | ||
| 36+ | 166 (17.9) | 156 (94.0) | 97 (58.4) | 59 (35.5) | 10 (6.0) | ||
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 393 (42.4) | 367 (93.4) | <0.01 | 282 (71.8) | 85 (21.6) | 26 (6.6) | <0.01 |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 179 (19.3) | 174 (97.2) | 105 (58.7) | 69 (38.6) | 5 (2.8) | ||
| Black | 101 (10.9) | 86 (85.2) | 54 (53.5) | 32 (31.7) | 15 (14.9) | ||
| Hispanic | 211 (22.8) | 187 (88.6) | 115 (54.5) | 72 (34.1) | 24 (11.4) | ||
| Other/unknown | 42 (4.5) | 40 (95.2) | 26 (61.9) | 14 (33.3) | 2 (4.8) | ||
| Neighborhood median household income | |||||||
| <$97,000 | 432 (46.8) | 381 (88.2) | <0.01 | 269 (62.3) | 112 (25.9) | 51 (11.8) | <0.01 |
| >$97,000 | 491 (53.2) | 470 (95.7) | 311 (63.3) | 159 (32.4) | 21 (4.3) | ||
| Lives with partner/baby's father | |||||||
| Yes | 838 (92.4) | 774 (92.4) | 0.46 | 529 (63.1) | 245 (29.2) | 64 (7.6) | 0.75 |
| No | 69 (7.6) | 62 (89.9) | 43 (62.3) | 19 (27.5) | 7 (10.1) | ||
| Prenatal depression symptoms | |||||||
| None | 734 (79.3) | 674 (91.8) | 0.38 | 471 (64.2) | 203 (27.7) | 60 (8.2) | 0.07 |
| Any | 192 (20.7) | 180 (93.8) | 111 (57.8) | 69 (35.9) | 12 (6.3) | ||
| Parity | |||||||
| 1 | 362 (39.1) | 345 (95.3) | <0.01 | 226 (62.4) | 119 (32.9) | 17 (4.7) | <0.01 |
| 2+ | 564 (60.9) | 509 (90.3) | 356 (63.1) | 153 (27.1) | 55 (9.8) | ||
| Mode of birth | |||||||
| Cesarean section | 225 (24.4) | 206 (91.6) | 0.68 | 126 (56.0) | 80 (35.6) | 19 (8.4) | 0.04 |
| Vaginal | 698 (75.6) | 645 (92.4) | 454 (65.0) | 191 (27.4) | 53 (7.6) | ||
| Preterm birth (<37 weeks)c | |||||||
| Yes | 37 (4.1) | 35 (94.6) | 0.76 | 17 (46.0) | 18 (48.7) | 2 (5.4) | 0.04 |
| No | 869 (95.9) | 800 (92.1) | 549 (63.2) | 251 (28.9) | 69 (7.9) | ||
| ACEs | |||||||
| Loss of parent | 208 (22.5) | 195 (93.8) | 0.35 | 133 (63.9) | 62 (29.8) | 13 (6.3) | 0.65 |
| Emotional abuse | 144 (15.6) | 137 (95.1) | 0.16 | 98 (68.1) | 39 (27.1) | 7 (4.9) | 0.23 |
| Physical abuse | 60 (6.5) | 57 (95.0) | 0.41c | 38 (63.3) | 19 (31.7) | 3 (5.0) | 0.69 |
| Sexual abuse | 70 (7.6) | 67 (95.7) | 0.26 | 54 (77.1) | 13 (18.6) | 3 (4.3) | 0.04 |
| Lived with someone | |||||||
| With a substance use problem | 136 (14.7) | 129 (94.9) | 0.22 | 96 (70.6) | 33 (24.3) | 7 (9.7) | 0.11 |
| Who was depressed, mentally ill, or attempted suicide | 133 (14.4) | 127 (95.5) | 0.13 | 94 (70.7) | 33 (24.8) | 6 (4.5) | 0.09 |
| Who went to jail or prison | 73 (7.9) | 68 (93.2) | 0.76 | 46 (63.0) | 22 (30.1) | 5 (6.9) | 0.95 |
| Who hit, punched, beat, or threatened to harm another adult in home | 72 (7.8) | 68 (94.4) | 0.46 | 45 (62.5) | 23 (31.9) | 4 (5.6) | 0.71 |
| No. of ACEs | |||||||
| 0 | 539 (58.2) | 487 (90.4) | 0.04 | 323 (59.9) | 164 (30.4) | 52 (9.7) | 0.04 |
| 1 | 178 (19.2) | 168 (94.4) | 113 (63.5) | 55 (30.9) | 10 (5.6) | ||
| 2+ | 209 (22.6) | 199 (94.2) | 146 (69.9) | 53 (25.4) | 10 (4.8) | ||
All p-values calculated using chi-square test unless indicated otherwise. Percentages in Overall column reflect column percentages, while all other percentages reflect row percentages.
a
Comparison between any breastfeeding and formula only.
b
Comparison between exclusive breastfeeding, mixed breastfeeding/formula, and formula only.
c
p-Value calculated using Fisher's exact test.
ACEs, adverse childhood experiences.