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. 2021 Feb 27;13(5):995. doi: 10.3390/cancers13050995

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Putative effects of radio-iodide in the cell. Two types of effects can be experienced: direct and indirect. Four main types of damage can occur as a result of direct effects: (1) direct DNA damage such as single-strand and double-strand breaks, (2) increased ROS, (3) inactivation of DNA repair proteins to compensate for elevated ROS, (4) elevated ROS-mediated protein inactivation of proteins directly implicated in iodide transport, such as NIS, or in general thyroid differentiation (TPO, Tg, Duox2, TSH-R, Pendrin, etc.). Indirect non-targeted effects of radiation (5) occur in the surrounding cells as a result of bystander and abscopal effects. In any case, damage intensity would depend on radioiodine concentration and subcellular localization. Abbreviations: NIS: sodium/iodide symporter; TPO: thyroid peroxidase; Tg: thyroglobulin; TSH-R: Thyroid Stimulating Hormone receptor; ROS: reactive oxygen species; Duox2: Dual oxidase 2; MCT8: Monocarboxylate transporter 8.