Figure 5.

Complex flower morphologies generated by biomimetic 4D printing. (a,b) Simple flowers composed of 90°/0° (a) and 45°/45° (b) bilayers oriented with respect to the long axis of each petal, with time-lapse sequences of the flowers during the swelling process (bottom panel) (scale bars, 5 mm, inset = 2.5 mm). (c–f) Print path (c), printed structure (d) and resulting swollen structure (e) of a flower demonstrating a range of morphologies inspired by a native orchid, the Dendrobium helix (f). Based on the print path, this orchid architecture exhibits four different configurations: bending, twisting and ruing corolla surrounding the central funnel-like domain (scale bars, 5 mm). Reprinted by permission from [208] published by Springer Nature.