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Major sites of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in leukemia cells. ROS are derived from different cellular compartments and enzymatic systems. The most significant source of ROS in the cell is represented by mitochondria, in which ROS are largely generated by the electron transport chain (ETC). Other ROS-producing mechanisms involve transmembrane NADPH oxidases (NOX), xanthine oxidoreductase in peroxisomes and protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) in endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
