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ROS-dependent transduction signaling. ROS are important modulators of intracellular transduction signaling. Through a protein redox-sensor process, ROS can activate the MAPK pathway comprising MEK, ERK, p38 MAPK activities that, in turn, promote nuclear translocation of transcriptional factors including Jun, Fos, NRF2, NF-κB. These factors contribute to regulate several genes involved in antioxidant defenses (p53, NQO1, GSTs, SOD2, Ap-1, p53 and Prx I).
