Table 2.

Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with autoimmune hepatitis.

Study		Statistics
Demographics
Older age	Macaron (2010) [78]	HR: 1.1, p < 0.001
	Dakhoul (2019) [67]	OR: 1.15, 95%CI: 1.001–1.314, p < 0.05)
	Choi (2019) [76]	p = 0.03
Male sex	Montano-Loza (2008) [70]	HR: 7.0, 95%CI: 1.87–26.1, p = 0.004
	Migita (2012) [74]	p = 0.033
	Grønbæk (2014) [47]	Males vs. females: 2.1 (0.8–4.7) vs. 0.3 (0.0–1.0) HCC incidence rate per 1000 person years (95%CI)
Clinical features
Cirrhosis	Montano-Loza (2008) [70]	Cirrhosis for ≥10 yr HR: 8.4; 95%CI: 1.69–41.9, p = 0.009
	Yeoman (2008) [62]	Cirrhosis at presentation of AIH, p < 0.05
	Hino-Arinaga (2012) [72]	OR: 4.08; 95%CI: 1.54–18.32, p = 0.001
	Migita (2012) [74]	HR: 11.47; 95%CI: 2.13–64.6, p = 0.005
	Choi (2019) [76]	p < 0.001
	Jensen (2020) [65]	HR: 7.6; 95%CI: 3.3–17.8
Any sign of portal hypertension (ascites, thrombocy-topenia, or esophageal varices)	Montano-Loza (2008) [70]	HR: 19.1; 95%CI: 3.91–93.3, p = 0.0003
	Yeoman (2008) [62]	Variceal bleeding at presentation, p = 0.003
	Vaz (2020) [79]	Portal hypertension at diagnosis; HR: 4.88; 95%CI: 1.49–15.92, p = 0.009
Thrombocytopenia	Montano-Loza (2008) [70]	HR: 7.3; 95%CI: 1.89–28.3, p = 0.004
Data related to biochemical activity and treatment response
Abnormal ALT at last follow up Disease remission ≥2 relapses	Hino-Arinaga (2012) [72] Vaz (2020) [79] Yoshizawa (2012) [73]	OR: 3.66; 97%CI: 1.38–16.42, p = 0.02 Lower risk of HCC occurrence HR: 0.128; 95%CI: 0.043–0.38, p < 0.001 HR: 9.1; 95%CI: 1.8–45.5, p = 0.007
Co-existing factors
Alcohol consumption	Macaron (2010) [78] Rigopoulou (2021) [29]	HR: 5.9, p < 0.001 No statistically significant difference

OR: odds ratio; HR: hazard ratio.