. 2021 Mar 1;13(5):1023. doi: 10.3390/cancers13051023

Table 3.

Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with primary biliary cholangitis.

Study		Statistics
Demographics
Older age	Shibuya (2002) [102]	p = 0.008
	Suzuki (2007) [105]	OR: 1.7; 95%CI: 1.1–2.5, p < 0.01
	Deutsch (2008) [106]	HR: 1.16; 95%CI: 1.02–1.32, p = 0.027
	Rong (2015) [107]	Age > 54 years OR: 5.5; 95%CI: 3.0–10.1, p = 0.001
Male sex	Shibuya (2002) [108]	p = 0.005
	Suzuki (2007) [109]	OR: 9.7; 95%CI: 1.4–68.3, p = 0.02
	Harada (2013) [101]	OR: 3.09, p = 0.0012
	Rong (2015) [107]	OR: 2.2; 95%CI: 1.2–4.0, p = 0.001
Clinical features
Histological stage	Shibuya (2002) [108]	Higher incidence in advanced (stage III/IV) vs. early stage (I/II) *, p = 0.021
	Cavazza (2009) [110]	Higher incidence in advanced stage OR: 5.80; 95%CI: 2.34–14.38 * ^#, p < 0.001
	Deutsch (2008) [106]	Baseline stage IV, HR: 31.50; 95%CI: 1.59–625.30 ^#, p = 0.024
	Harada (2013) [101]	Increase in incidence with histological stage in females *, p < 0.001
Any sign of portal hypertension (ascites, thrombocypenia, or esophageal varices)	Suzuki (2007) [109]	OR: 22.9; 95%CI: 3.4–155.3, p < 0.01
Thrombocytopenia	Trivedi (2015) [103]	HR: 1.41; 95%CI: 1.25–1.58, p < 0.0001
Data related to biochemical activity and treatment response
Non-response to UDCA	Kuipers (2010) [111]	p < 0.001
Non-response to UDCA	Trivedi (2015) [103]	Biochemical non-response (Paris-I criteria) HR: 3.44; 95%CI: 1.65–7.14, p < 0.0001
Co-existing factors
Past HBV infection	Rong (2015) [102]	OR: 6.6; 95%CI: 3.7–11.9, p = 0.001
Diabetes mellitus	Rong (2015) [107]	OR: 3.1; 95%CI: 1.6–6.2, p = 0.002
BMI ≥ 25 (kg/m²)	Zhang (2015) [112]	OR: 1.116; 85%CI: 1.002–1.244, p < 0.05
Alcohol consumption	Zhang (2015) [112]	OR: 10.294; 95%CI: 1.108–95.680, p = 0.04

OR: odds ratio; HR: hazard ratio. * Histological stage was classified according to Scheuer’s criteria; ^# Histological stage was classified according to Ludwig criteria.