Table 6.
Carbon based FR agents.
| Matrix/Reinforcement | FR Agent | Loading | Flammability | References Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PP/Flax | • Expandable Graphite (EG) | 25% | LOI 30% | [167] 2003 |
| PLA | • Sepiolite Nanorods • Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes (MWNT) |
10% 2% |
PHRR 45% ↓ | [144] 2010 |
| PP/Carbon fibre | • Carbon Black | 5% | THR 16% ↓ | [168] 2015 |
| Polyimide PI | • Graphene Oxide Nanosheet (GO) • MMT |
5% 10% |
LOI 55% | [169] 2017 |
| Epoxy/Fruit fibres | • EG | 7% | THR 25.5% ↓ | [170] 2017 |
| PU | • Chitosan • GO |
0.5% 1% |
THR 13% ↓ | [171] 2019 |
| Epoxy/Curaua | • GO | 0.1% | DTA Increase in Thermal Stability | [172] 2019 |
| cotton | • Polyamidoamines Containing Disulphide Groups (SS-PAA) • Nano GO |
12% 1% |
PHRR 53% ↓ | [173] 2019 |
| ABS | • Mo5/PN-rGO | 1% | THR 20% ↓ Total Smoke Production (TSP) 45% ↓ |
[174] 2020 |
| Hydroxyethyl Cellulose (HEC) + Lactic Acid (LA) + PU | • Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNPs) | 0.3% | TGA Enhancement in Thermal Stability by Nearly 15–20 °C With a Weight Loss of 50%. | [175] 2020 |
| Elium® 150 Thermoplastic Resin | • EG • Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) |
4–10% 10–30% |
UL-94 V-0 |
[50] 2020 |
| PLA | • Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) • CaMg-Ph |
1% 19% |
PHRR 35% ↓ | [176] 2020 |
| Cotton | • Phytic acid • Biochar |
8% 8% |
No Ignition | [177] 2020 |