Table 1.
Biomarker approach of damage-associated molecular patterns following ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke.
| Author (Year) | Marker | Study Design | Applications | Outcome | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ren et al. [79] (2016) | GFAP | Case-control (132 IS; 57 controls) |
Diagnosis | Stroke subtype | GFAP discriminated IS from ICH within 4.5 h of symptoms onset (Se = 61%, Sp = 96%, AUC = 0.86). |
| Luger et al. [82] (2020) |
GFAP | Prospective observational (251 IS) |
Diagnosis | Stroke subtype | ICH patients had higher serum level of GFAP than IS patients and mimics. |
| Clinical severity | CT lesion volume | GFAP was correlated with ICH volume (r = 0.296). | |||
| Katsanos et al. [83] (2017) |
GFAP | Case-control (191 IS; 79 controls) |
Diagnosis | Stroke subtype | GFAP discriminated IS from ICH (Se = 91%, Sp = 97%, AUC = 0.97). |
| Clinical severity | NIHSS | No correlation has been found between serum levels of GFAP and stroke severity on admission in IS of different subtype. | |||
| Zhou et al. [84] (2016) | S100B | Prospective observational (46 ICH; 71 IS) |
Diagnosis | Stroke subtype | ICH patients had higher plasma level of S100B than IS patients. |
| Clinical severity | NIHSS | Positive correlation between S100B and infarct size (r = 0.820). | |||
| Prognosis | 90-day mRS | S100B predicted a poor prognosis (Se = 100%, Sp = 76%, AUC = 0.92). | |||
| Balança et al. [78] (2020) |
S100B | Prospective observational (81 SAH) |
Clinical severity | 3-day GOS | Severe EBI was associated with higher S100B concentration at admission or day 1 (Cliff’s delta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.46; 0.88]), which predicted early recovery (AUC = 0.87). |
| Branco et al. [85] (2018) | S100B | Prospective observational (131 IS) |
Prognosis | 12-week upper limb functioning | S100B predicted hand functioning (Se = 69%, Sp = 90%, AUC = 0.84). |
| Kedziora et al. [86] (2020) |
S100B | Prospective observational (55 SAH) |
Prognosis | GOS at ICU discharge | S100B predicted ICU outcome (Se = 91%, Sp = 63%, AUC = 0.81). |
| Kellermann et al. [92] (2016) | S100B | Prospective observational (45 SAH) |
Prognosis | 6-month GOS | S100N at day 1 predicted poor outcome (OR = 4.38, 95% CI, [1.08; 17]). A negative correlation was found between serum level of S100B and 6 months GOS (r = 0.434). |
| Kiiski et al. [87] (2018) | S100B; NSE | Prospective observational (47 SAH) |
Prognosis | 6-month mRS | No correlation has been found between biomarker concentrations and the neurological outcome. |
| Abboud et al. [88] (2018) | S100B; NSE | Prospective observational (52 SAH) |
Prognosis | 6-month GOS | S100B and NSE at day 1 predicted good outcome with 100% specificity. |
| Quintard et al. [80] (2015) |
S100B; NSE | Prospective observational (48 SAH) |
Prognosis | 6-month GOS | Poor neurological outcome was predicted by S100B levels at day 5 (AUC = 0.91) and NSE level at day 7 (AUC = 0.83). |
| Aida et al. [31] (2019) |
sRAGE | Prospective observational (627 SAH) |
Complication | symptomatic vasospasm | sRAGE level was lower in symptomatic vasospasm group on day 7, and predicted poor outcome (Se = 70%, Sp = 86%, AUC = 0.77). |
| Yang et al. [67] (2018) | sRAGE | Case-control (108 SAH and 108 controls) |
Prognosis | 6-month GOS score | sRAGE within 24 h after SAH was associated with clinical severity and poor 6-month outcomes (Se = 83%, Sp = 75%, AUC = 0.82). |
| Tang et al. [66] (2015) |
sRAGE | Case-control (106 IS and 150 controls) |
Prognosis | 3-month mRS | sRAGE level was higher in the IS group and predicted poor neurological score (OR = 2.44, 95% CI [1.16; 5.16]). |
| Tsukagawa et al. [109] (2017) |
HMGB1 | Case-control (183 IS and 16 controls) |
Prognosis | 1-year mRS | HMGB1 level on admission was a significant independent predictor of poor outcome (OR = 2.34, 95% CI [1.02; 5.38]). |
| Wang et al. [96] (2020) | HMGB1 | Prospective observational (132 IS) |
Prognosis | 3-month mRS | High concentration of HMGB1 at 6 h after thrombolytic therapy was associated with poor outcome (Se = 87%, Sp = 74%, AUC = 0.87). |
| Kiiski et al. [110] (2017) |
HMGB1 | Prospective observational (47 SAH) |
Prognosis | 6-month mRS | No correlation has been found between biomarker concentrations and the neurological outcome. |
ICH: intracerebral hemorrhage; IS: ischemic stroke; SAH: subarachnoid hemorrhage; NIHSS: national institute of health stroke scale; ICU: intensive care unit; GFAP: Glial fibrillary acidic protein; NSE: neuron-specific enolase; GOS: Glasgow outcome scale; mRS; modified Rankin scale; CT: computed tomography; CI: confidence interval; AUC: area under the curve; OR: odds ratio; PV: predictive value; Se: sensitivity; Sp: specificity; CVS: cerebral vasospasm subtype; sRAGE: soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products; HMGB1: high mobility group box 1.