Table 2.
Biomarker approach of damage-associated molecular patterns following traumatic brain injury.
| Author (Year) | Marker | Study Design | Applications | Outcome | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Osier et al. [111] (2018) | S100B SNP in genes | Prospective study (305 severe TBI) |
Risk factor | 3, 6, 12, 24-months GOS | The variant allele of one S100B SNP (rs1051169) was identified as a protective factor at 3 months (OR = 0.39), 6 months (OR = 0.34), 12 months (OR = 0.32) and 24 months (OR = 0.30). |
| Mahan et al. [89] (2019) |
GFAP; S100B | Case-control (118 TBI and 37 controls) |
Diagnosis | CT lesion (CT+) | These biomarkers were significantly higher in patients CT+ than patients CT−. GFAP had the greatest prognostic capacity (0–8 h: AUC = 0.89; and 12–32 h: AUC = 0.94). |
| Meier et al. [90] (2017) |
GFAP; S100B | Case-control (32 TBI and 29 controls) |
Diagnosis | Sport-related concussion | S100B could predict concussion in athletes (AUC = 0.72) but not for GFAP. |
| Çevik et al. [91] (2019) |
GFAP; S100B | Cross-sectional study (48 mild TBI) |
Diagnosis | CT lesion (CT+) | S100B and GFPA were significantly higher in mild TBI patients with CT+. |
| Kellermann et al. [92] (2016) |
S100B | Prospective observational (57 TBI) |
Prognosis | 6-month GOS | S100B at day 1 predicted a poor outcome (OR = 7.6, 95% CI [2.24; 25.80]). A negative correlation was found between serum level of S100B and 6 months GOS (r = 0.494). |
| Park et al. [94] (2018) |
S100B; NSE; IL-6 | Prospective observational (15 pediatric patients with TBI) |
Prognosis | 6-month GOS | S100B and NSE correlated with the severity of brain injury and predicted poor neurological outcome, but not IL6. |
| Park et al. [93] (2019) |
S100B; NSE | Prospective observational (10 pediatric patients with TBI) |
Prognosis | 6-month GOS | High concentration of S100B at 1 week after admission was associated with poor outcome. No statistical difference was found for NSE. |
| Thelin et al. [95] (2016) | S100B; NSE | Prospective observational (417 TBI) |
Prognosis | 3-month GOS | CSF level of S100B at day 1 predicted poor outcome (OR = 4.15, 95% CI [1.34; 12.84]). |
| 6-month GOS | S100B had a betted diagnostic accuracy than NSE. |
GOS: Glasgow outcome scale; GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein; NSE: neuron-specific enolase; TBI: trauma brain injury; CT: computed tomography; CI: confidence interval; AUC: area under the curve; OR: odds ratio; SNP: single nucleotide polymorphism; Se: specificity; Se: sensitivity.