Table 3.
Biomarkers panels approach.
| Author (Year) | Marker | Study Design | Applications | Outcome | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Posti et al. [101] (2020) |
Aβ40; Aβ42; GFAP; H-FABP; IL-10; NF-L; S100β; Tau | Prospective observational (136 TBI patients) |
Diagnosis | CT lesion (CT+) | The combination of two biomarkers (Aβ40 and IL-10) and clinical characteristics (HCTS) were better to discriminate CT+ and CT− patients (Se = 91%, Sp = 59%) than HCTS alone (Se = 97%, Sp = 22%). |
| Posti et al. [102] (2019) |
Aβ40; Aβ42; GFAP; H-FABP; IL-10; NF-L; S100β; Tau | Prospective observational (160 TBI including 93 mild TBI) |
Diagnosis | CT lesion (CT+) | H-FABP + S100B + Tau were the best association to diagnose CT+ in mild TBI (Se = 100%, Sp = 46%) whereas it was a question of the combination of GFAP + H-FAB + IL-10 in group with all severities TBI (Se = 100%, Sp = 39%). |
| Chen et al. [103] (2019) |
S100β; NSE; hK6; PGDS | Case-control (10 severe TBI and 10 controls) |
Diagnosis | Subtype severe TBI | S100B/hK6 and NSE/PGDS ratios (both AUC = 1.00) diagnosed severe TBI with greater accuracy than S100B and NSE alone (both AUC = 0.97). |
| Thelin et al. [99] (2019) |
S100β; NSE; GFAP; Tau; NF-L; UCH-L1 |
Prospective observational (172 TBI) |
Prognosis | 12-month GOS | GFAP + NF-L was the best association to predict poor outcome. |
| Di Battista et al. [100] (2015) |
S100β; GFAP; NSE; BDNF; MCP-1; ICAM-5; PRDX-6 |
Prospective observational (85 TBI) |
Prognosis | Death and 6-month GOS |
S100B and GFAP levels were the most discriminating to predict poor outcome (AUC = 0.82 and AUC = 0.71, respectively) and mortality (AUC = 0.86 and AUC = 0.79, respectively). |
IL: interleukin; GOS: Glasgow outcome scale; GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein; UCH-L1: ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1; NSE: neuron-specific enolase; TBI: trauma brain injury; CT: computed tomography; CI: confidence interval; AUC: area under the curve; OR: odds ratio; Aβ: β-amyloid; hK6: human kallikrein 6; PGDS: prostaglandin D2 synthase; H-FABP: heart fatty-acid bonding protein; NF-L: neurofilament light; ICAM: intercellular adhesion molecule; PRDX: peroxiredoxin; BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor; MCP: monocyte chemoattractant protein; HCTS: Helsinki computerized tomography score; Sp: specificity; Se: sensitivity.