Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population (n = 4973).
| Age, years | 72.9 ± 11.2 |
| Women | 2173 (43.7%) |
| Hypertension | 3288 (66.1%) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1200 (24.1%) |
| Type of AF: | |
| - First-diagnosed | 293 (5.9%) |
| - Paroxysmal | 1782 (35.8%) |
| - Persistent | 990 (19.9%) |
| - Permanent | 1908 (38.4%) |
| CHA2DS2Vasc score | 3.4 ± 1.7 |
| 0/9 or 1/9 gender related | 308 (6) |
| Underlying mechanical prosthetic valve or moderate to severe mitral stenosis | 505 (10.1%) |
| LVEF, % | 58 ± 11 |
| History of CAD | 1282 (25.8%) |
| History of HF | 1669 (33.6%) |
| Preserved EF (≥50%) | 998 (60%) |
| Mid-range EF (40 to 49%) | 323 (19.4%) |
| Reduced EF (<40%) | 343 (20.6%) |
| Previous stroke | 421 (8.5%) |
| History of PAD | 618 (12.4%) |
| Previous ICD | 171 (3.4%) |
| Previous CRT | 36 (0.7%) |
| Medications at inclusion: | |
| - Antiarrhythmic drug | 1683 (33.8%) |
| - Antiplatelet drug | 1276 (25.7%) |
| - Oral anticoagulant | 3925 (78.9%) |
| - Antiplatelet and oral anticoagulant | 594 (11.9%) |
| - Vitamin K antagonist | 2850 (57.3%) |
| - Direct oral anticoagulant | 1075 (21.6%) |
| - Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker | 3253 (65.4%) |
| - Beta-blocker | 3469 (69.8%) |
| - Calcium blocker | 1120 (22.5%) |
| - Digoxin | 462 (9.3%) |
| - Diuretic | 2510 (50.5%) |
| - Aldosterone antagonist | 388 (7.8%) |
| - Statin | 2565 (51.6%) |
| - Insulin | 279 (5.6%) |
| - Oral hypoglycemic drug | 871 (17.5%) |
Data are mean ± SD or n (percentages). AF, atrial fibrillation; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; CAD, coronary artery disease; CRT: cardiac resynchronization therapy; HF, heart failure; ICD: implantable cardioverter defibrillator; PAD, peripheral artery disease.