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. 2021 Feb 28;22(5):2466. doi: 10.3390/ijms22052466

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Overview of normal prostate epithelial cell metabolism. Regulated by androgen receptor (AR) signaling, normal prostate epithelium assimilates glucose and aspartate to generate and secrete citrate and produce most ATP via glycolysis. Intracellular accumulation of zinc through active transport results in the inhibition of aconitase, preventing the conversion of citrate into isocitrate. As a result, citrate accumulates and is secreted. Solid arrows represent single metabolic steps, and dashed arrows represent simplified multistep processes. Ac-CoA: acetyl-coenzyme A; α-KG: α-ketoglutarate; OAA: oxaloacetate; GLUTs, glucose transporters; MPC1/2: mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 1 and 2; EAAC1: excitatory amino-acid carrier 1; ZIP1: zinc transporter 1; CTP: citrate transporter. Solid arrows: single metabolic step; dashed arrows: simplified multistep processes (Figure adapted from Bader et al., 2020 [35] and Twum-Ampofo et al., 2016 [43]).