Table 3.
Adjusted Prevalence Ratios with 95% Confidence Intervals for Persistent Infections According to a Per-Doubling Increase in Serum PFAS (ng/mL) Concentration
| Aged 12 to 19 Years | Aged 20 to 49 Years | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pathogen | PFAS | N | Cases | PR (95% CI) | p-value | N | Cases | PR (95% CI) | p-value |
| Cytomegalovirus | PFOS | 968 | 484 | 0.92 (0.77, 1.09) | 0.36 | 1,005 | 642 | 0.99 (0.92, 1.05) | 0.70 |
| PFOA | 0.87 (0.70, 1.08) | 0.24 | 0.98 (0.91, 1.05) | 0.57 | |||||
| PFHxS | 0.99 (0.88, 1.12) | 0.86 | 0.96 (0.92, 1.02) | 0.19 | |||||
| PFNA | 0.99 (0.85, 1.15) | 0.91 | 1.00 (0.94, 1.07) | 0.99 | |||||
| Epstein Barr Virus | PFOS | 1,646 | 299 | 1.01 (0.96, 1.05) | 0.74 | - | - | - | - |
| PFOA | 0.99 (0.94, 1.05) | 0.83 | - | - | |||||
| PFHxS | 1.01 (0.98, 1.04) | 0.38 | - | - | |||||
| PFNA | 0.99 (0.95, 1.04) | 0.78 | - | - | |||||
| Hepatitis C Virus | PFOS | 2,530 | 2 | - | - | 4,027 | 54 | 0.96 (0.71, 1.29) | 0.77 |
| PFOA | - | - | 0.89 (0.62, 1.29) | 0.54 | |||||
| PFHxS | - | - | 0.97 (0.71, 1.34) | 0.87 | |||||
| PFNA | - | - | 0.91 (0.72, 1.14) | 0.41 | |||||
| Hepatitis E Virus | PFOS | 919 | 7 | - | - | 2,305 | 97 | 1.00 (0.83, 1.20) | 0.99 |
| PFOA | - | - | 1.01 (0.78, 1.31) | 0.92 | |||||
| PFHxS | - | - | 0.97 (0.81, 1.15) | 0.70 | |||||
| PFNA | - | - | 0.98 (0.75, 1.29) | 0.89 | |||||
| Herpes Simplex Virus 1 | PFOS | 2,499 | 1,040 | 1.05 (0.99, 1.11) | 0.13 | 5,551 | 3,508 | 1.04 (1.01, 1.06) | <0.01 |
| PFOA | 1.02 (0.93, 1.11) | 0.75 | 1.03 (1.01, 1.06) | 0.01 | |||||
| PFHxS | 0.98 (0.93, 1.04) | 0.57 | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) | 0.95 | |||||
| PFNA | 1.01 (0.93, 1.10) | 0.79 | 1.05 (1.02, 1.08) | <0.01 | |||||
| Herpes Simplex Virus 2 | PFOS | - | - | - | - | 5,537 | 1,187 | 1.04 (0.99, 1.09) | 0.10 |
| PFOA | - | - | 1.11 (1.05, 1.17) | <0.01 | |||||
| PFHxS | - | - | 1.03 (0.99, 1.09) | 0.18 | |||||
| PFNA | - | - | 1.04 (0.99, 1.11) | 0.14 | |||||
| Toxoplasma gondii | PFOS | 1,489 | 61 | 1.15 (0.90, 1.48) | 0.27 | 2,816 | 336 | 1.10 (0.97, 1.26) | 0.15 |
| PFOA | 0.99 (0.68, 1.42) | 0.94 | 1.03 (0.89, 1.18) | 0.70 | |||||
| PFHxS | 0.90 (0.75, 1.08) | 0.28 | 0.97 (0.89, 1.06) | 0.53 | |||||
| PFNA | 0.99 (0.71, 1.39) | 0.95 | 1.06 (0.91, 1.23) | 0.45 | |||||
| Toxocara spp. | PFOS | 614 | 23 | 1.12 (0.66, 1.91) | 0.68 | 1,439 | 91 | 1.57 (1.26, 1.96) | <0.01 |
| PFOA | 1.21 (0.56, 2.65) | 0.63 | 1.23 (1.00, 1.51) | 0.08 | |||||
| PFHxS | 1.16 (0.77, 1.76) | 0.48 | 1.21 (1.06, 1.37) | 0.01 | |||||
| PFNA | 1.10 (0.72, 1.70) | 0.66 | 1.40 (1.13, 1.73) | 0.01 | |||||
Note: Models were adjusted for age (years, restricted cubic spline), race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Mexican American, other Hispanic, other race), sex (male, female), the ratio of family income to the federal poverty threshold (unitless, restricted cubic spline), educational attainment (less than high school diploma, high school diploma, some college, college graduate), serum cotinine concentrations (ng/mL, restricted cubic spline), and BMI (kg/m2, restricted cubic spline).