Gene expression from human non-failing, failing, and failing hearts after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) placement (n=14, 9, and 6 for Non-failing, Failing, and Post-LVAD, respectively). c-d, MPC1 and MPC2 protein expression quantification from non-failing and failing human hearts normalized to either VDAC, complex I and II, complexes III and IV, or Tubulin (n=5). e, Gene expression for Mpc1 and Mpc2 from wildtype C57BL6/J mouse hearts after sham or transverse aortic constriction plus myocardial infarction (TAC+MI) surgery (n=9 sham, 12 TAC-MI). f, Mouse heart gene expression for Mpc1 and Mpc2 (n=7, 5, 7 for fl/fl, +/−, −/− respectively). g, Blood lactate measured after a 4 h fast prior to sacrifice in 6-week old mice (n=6). h-i, Heart weight and lung weight of 6-week old mice (n=6). j, Mouse heart gene expression of heart failure, and hypertrophy genes from 6-week old mice (n= 7, 5, 7 for fl/fl, +/−, −/− respectively). Data are presented as mean ± s.e.m. within dot plot. Each data point represents one individual mouse or sample. Two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test.