Fig. 4.

Little to no evidence of evolutionary relatedness on social dominance patterns is present at the order level. In almost every order the observed number of groups with each pattern (solid vertical lines) overlaps with the number of groups with each pattern when patterns are randomly allocated (shaded areas, density estimates) for each of the three main social dominance patterns: (A) downward heuristic, (B) close competitors, and (C) bullying. Note: Ovalentaria is a group of fish families categorized as incertae sedis (“of uncertain placement”).