Table 1.
Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics by group
| MDD | Controls | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N (female %) | 33 (81.82) | 30 (80.00) | 0.854 |
| Height, cm | 167.42 (8.80) | 167.83 (8.95) | 0.856 |
| Weight, kg | 63.03 (13.73) | 59.40 (1.42).207 | 0.207 |
| School, n (%) | 0.346 | ||
| Hauptschule | 2 (6.06) | 0 (0.00) | |
| Realschule | 11 (33.34) | 8 (26.67) | |
| Gymnasium | 15 (45.45) | 19 (63.34) | |
| Other | 5 (15.15) | 3 (10.00) | |
| MDD DSM-5, n (%) | |||
| Current | 33 (100.00) | 0 (0.00) | <0.0001 |
| Past | 29 (87.88) | 3 (10.00) | <0.0001 |
| Recurrent | 9 (27.27) | 0 (0.00) | <0.0001 |
| Medication, n (%) | |||
| Fluoxetine | 4 (12.12) | 0 (0.00) | |
| Mirtazapin | 2 (6.06) | 0 (0.00) | |
| Sertralin | 1 (3.03) | 0 (0.00) | |
| Other | 2 (6.06) | 1 (3.33) | |
| CDRS | 73.39 (10.59) | 19.93 (10.59) | <0.0001 |
| BDI | 36.00 (12.37) | 4.67 (4.57) | <0.0001 |
| DERS | 117.45 (23.90) | 61.57 (12.39) | <0.0001 |
| STAI (state) | 52.48 (8.16) | 32.27 (6.03) | <0.0001 |
| STAI (trait) | 61.24 (7.81) | 33.07 (8.24) | <0.0001 |
| CGAS | 44.61 (7.74) | 93.23 (6.79) | <0.0001 |
| Comorbidity (ICD-10), n (%) | |||
| F0X | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | |
| F1X | 12 (36.36) | 4 (13.33)* | 0.036 |
| F2X | 2 (6.06) | 0 (0.00) | 0.171 |
| F3X | 33 (100.00) | 3 (9.09) | <0.0001 |
| F4X | 24 (72.72) | 2 (6.06) | <0.0001 |
| F5X | 7 (21.21) | 0 (0.00) | 0.007 |
| F6X (other than BPD) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | |
| F7X | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | |
| F8X | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | |
| F9X | 13 (39.39) | 1 (3.03) | 0.001 |
All values are means and standard deviations (s.d.) in brackets unless otherwise indicated; MDD, major depressive disorder; school, after 4 years of elementary school the German school system branches into three types of secondary schools. The so-called Hauptschule (Secondary General School which takes 5 years after Primary School) prepares pupils for vocational training, whereas the Realschule (Intermediate Secondary School) concludes with a general certificate of secondary education after 6 years. Eight years of Gymnasium provide pupils with a general university entrance qualification; medication: multiple counts possible, data on doses and duration of intake available upon request; CDRS, Children's Depression Rating Scale – Revised; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory II; DERS, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale; STAI, State Trait Anxiety Inventory; CGAS, Children's Global Assessment Scale; no missing data; *comorbidity in controls: harmful use of alcohol (F10.1; n = 4); remitted depressive disorder (F33.4; n = 3); social phobia (F40.1; n = 2); agoraphobia with panic disorder (F40.01; n = 1).