Table 1.
Factors affecting the composition of gut mycobiota
| Factors | Composition of gut mycobiota | References | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Delivery method | Natural birth |
Fungi from mother’s genital tract ↑ Russulales ↑ |
[37, 40–42] | |
| C-section |
Fungi from maternal skin and surroundings ↑ Saccharomycetales ↑ |
|||
| Gestational age | Preterm infants |
Fungal diversity ↓ Saccharomycetales ↑ Candida ↑ |
[37] | |
| Term infants |
Polyporales ↑ Russulales ↑ Stereum ↑ Malassezia ↑ |
|||
| Environment | Mice from Jackson Laboratory’s & Services (JAX) | Basidiomycota ↑ | [18, 43] | |
| Mice from Weill Cornell Medicine (WCM-CE) | Ascomycota ↑ | |||
| SPF mice "rewilded" into the wild |
Candida ↑ Aspergillus ↑ |
|||
| Season | Spring |
Sclerotiniaceae ↑ Nectriaceae ↑ |
[19] | |
| Summer | Trichocomaceae ↑ | |||
| Autumn |
Wallemiaceae ↑ Hypocreaceae ↑ |
|||
| Winter | Devriesia ↑ | |||
| Diet and nutrition | Nutrition | Pistachio and almond |
Penicillium spp. ↓ Candida spp. ↓ |
[1, 27, 44–50] |
| Carbohydrate-rich diet | Candida ↑ | |||
| High-fat diet | S. cerevisiae ↓ | |||
| Protein-rich diet |
Methanobrevibacter ↓ Candida ↓ |
|||
| 2-hydroxyisocaproic acid (leucine derivative) |
Candida ↓ Aspergillus ↓ |
|||
| Microbial metabolites of nutrients | Short chain fatty acid (SCFAs) |
Aspergillus ↓ Metschnikowia ↓ |
||
| Acetate | Tomentella ↑ | |||
| Acetate and propionate |
Nephroma ↓ Taiwanofungus ↓ |
|||
| Butyrate and total SCFAs | Tomentella ↑ | |||
| Propionate | Loreleia ↑ | |||
| Gender | Female | Mycosphaerellaceae ↑ | [19] | |
| Male |
Ascomycota ↑ Tetraplosphaeriaceae ↑ |
|||
| Metabolic disorder | Obese | Yeast fungi ↑ | [27] | |
| Eutrophic | Filamentous fungi ↑ | |||
| Maternal antibiotic exposure | Saccharomycetales ↑ | [37] | ||
| Species | Gut Candida spp. only found in mammalian | [44, 49] | ||
| Chenghua, Yorkshire, and Tibetan pigs have different fungal abundance | ||||
“↑” indicates increase and “↓” indicates decrease