TABLE 1.
Selected characteristics of participants according to type 2 diabetes status in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2007–2014) a
| Characteristic b | Diabetes (n = 3,432) | Nondiabetes (n = 17,048) | p‐value c |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 59.4 (0.30) | 45.7 (0.30) | <0.001 |
| Female | 185 (48.4) | 994 (52.6) | 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 33.1 (0.2) | 28.2 (0.0) | <0.001 |
| Race | |||
| NHW | 1,369 (60.3) | 8,668 (68.6) | 0.013 |
| NHB | 1,055 (16.4) | 3,786 (10.6) | |
| MA | 649 (9.4) | 2,746 (8.3) | |
| Others | 752 (13.9) | 3,901 (12.5) | |
| Education | |||
| Less than 9th grade | 710 (11.4) | 1834 (5.1) | <0.001 |
| 9th−11th grades | 715 (15.3) | 2,785 (11.3) | |
| High school grad./GED or equivalent | 888 (24.9) | 4,345 (22.2) | |
| Some college or AA degree | 960 (30.2) | 5,545 (31.0) | |
| College graduate or above | 543 (18.0) | 4,569 (30.2) | |
| Current smokers | 652 (19.6) | 4,252 (25.4) | <0.001 |
| Current drinkers | 2,161 (67.4) | 12,125 (78.6) | <0.001 |
| Exercised regularly | 432 (13.9) | 3,300 (20.7) | <0.001 |
| Income | |||
| Under $20,000 | 1,043 (27.3) | 3,935 (14.1) | 0.075 |
| $20,000 to $45,000 | 1,386 (36.2) | 6,098 (27.1) | |
| $45,000 to $75,000 | 627 (16.4) | 3,358 (20.2) | |
| $75,000 to $100,000 | 242 (6.3) | 1691 (11.5) | |
| Over $100,000 | 334 (8.7) | 3,100 (23.6) | |
| Family history of type 2 diabetes | 128 (3.7) | 1714 (10.1) | <0.001 |
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | 1895.3 (21.4) | 2092.28 (8.6) | <0.001 |
| Calcium(mg/day) | 890.3 (13.4) | 960.36 (6.9) | <0.001 |
| Magnesium (mg/day) | 278.9 (3.5) | 300.56 (2.1) | <0.001 |
| Ratio of calcium to magnesium(mg/day) | 3.3 (0.0) | 3.32 (0.0) | 0.335 |
| Vitamin D (μg/day) | 4.7 (0.1) | 4.67 (0.0) | 0.742 |
| Above RDA calcium | 923 (26.9) | 5,966 (35.0) | <0.001 |
| Above RDA magnesium | 497 (14.5) | 3,696 (21.7) | <0.001 |
| Above RDA vitamin D | 87 (2.5) | 528 (3.1) | 0.937 |
| Fasting insulin (pmol/L) | 129.2 (5.4) | 71.9 (1.0) | <0.001 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 8.65 (0.1) | 5.4 (0.0) | <0.001 |
| 2‐hr glucose (mmol/L) | 12.41 (0.3) | 6.1 (0.0) | <0.001 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.2 (0.0) | 1.3 (0.0) | <0.001 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.8 (0.0) | 5.0 (0.0) | 0.015 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.9 (0.0) | 1.3 (0.0) | <0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 129.9 (0.4) | 120.5 (0.2) | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 69.0 (0.3) | 70.6 (0.2) | 0.001 |
| HOMA‐IR | 9.3 (0.3) | 2.5 (0.0) | <0.001 |
| HOMA‐beta | 90.1 (3.5) | 100.7 (7.0) | <0.001 |
a
All data analyses conducted in the present study were based on weighted estimates with sample weight provided by NHANES.
c
Univariate logistic regression models were used for continuous and categorical variables.
b
Continuous variables are presented as mean (standard error). Categorical variables are presented as n (%).